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  <title>Arabic &amp; Persian Layout Requirements</title>
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<body>
<section id="abstract">
<p>This document describes requirements for the layout and presentation of text in languages that use the Arabic script when they are used by Web standards and technologies, such as HTML, CSS, Mobile Web, Digital Publications, and Unicode.</p>
</section>


<section id="sotd">
<p>This document describes the basic requirements for Arabic script layout and text support on the Web and in eBooks. These requirements provide information for Web technologies such as CSS, HTML and digital publications about how to support users of Arabic scripts. Currently the document focuses on Standard Arabic and Persian.</p>

<p>The editor's draft of this document was developed by the <a href="http://w3c.github.io/alreq/homepage/">Arabic Layout Task Force</a>, part of the W3C <a href="https://www.w3.org/International/ig/">Internationalization Interest Group</a>. It is published by the <a href="https://www.w3.org/International/core/">Internationalization Working Group</a>. The end target for this document is a Working Group Note.</p>

<p data-lang="en">To make it easier to track comments, please raise a separate issue for each comment, and at the start of the issue add a URL pointing to the section you are commenting on.</p>
</section>


<section id="h_introduction">
<h2>Introduction</h2>


<section id="h_acknowledgements">
<h3>Contributors</h3>

<p>The information in this document was created by the following participants in the W3C's <a href="https://w3c.github.io/alreq/home">Arabic Script Language Enablement</a> community: Behnam Esfahbod (Quora/Virgule Typeworks), Mostafa Hajizadeh, Najib Tounsi (Ecole Mohammadia d'Ingénieurs), Richard Ishida (W3C), Shervin Afshar (Netflix), and Titus Nemeth.</p>

<p>Additional information and clarifications were provided by Khaled Hosny, and Azzeddine Lazrek.</p>

<p data-lang="en">See also the <a href="https://github.com/w3c/alreq/graphs/contributors">GitHub contributors list</a> for the Arabic Script Enablement project, and the <a href="https://github.com/w3c/alreq/issues?q=is%3Aissue">discussions</a>.</p>
</section>

  
<section id="h_about_this_document">
<h3>About this document</h3>

<p>The aim of this document is to describe the basic requirements for Arabic script layout and text support on the Web and in eBooks. These requirements provide information for Web technologies such as CSS, HTML and digital publications, and for application developers, about how to support users of Arabic scripts. The document focuses on Standard Arabic and Persian.</p>

<p>The document focuses on typographic layout issues.  For a deeper understanding of the Arabic script itself and how it works see <cite>Modern Standard Arabic Orthography Notes</cite>, which includes topics such as: <a href="https://r12a.github.io/scripts/arab/arb.html#phonology">Phonology</a>, <a href="https://r12a.github.io/scripts/arab/arb.html#vowels">Vowels</a>, <a href="https://r12a.github.io/scripts/arab/arb.html#consonants">Consonants</a>, <!--a href="https://r12a.github.io/scripts/arab/arb.html#encoding">Encoding choices</a>,--> and <a href="https://r12a.github.io/scripts/arab/arb.html#numbers">Numbers</a>.</p>

<p>This document should contain no reference to a particular technology. For example, it should not say &quot;CSS does/doesn't do such and such&quot;, and it should not describe how a technology, such as CSS, should implement the requirements. It is technology agnostic, so that it will be evergreen, and it simply describes how the script works. The gap analysis document is the appropriate place for all kinds of technology-specific information.</p>
</section>


<section id="h_gap_analysis">
<h3>Gap analysis</h3>

<p>This document should be used alongside a separate document, <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/alreq-gap/"><cite>Arabic Script Gap Analysis</cite></a>, which describes gaps in support for various languages written using the Arabic script on the Web, and prioritises and describes the impact of those gaps on the user.</p>

<p>Gap reports are brought to the attention of spec and browser implementers, and are tracked via the <a href="https://github.com/orgs/w3c/projects/95" target="_blank">Gap Analysis Pipeline</a>. (<a href="https://github.com/orgs/w3c/projects/95/views/1?filterQuery=label%3A%22doc%3Aarab_ks%22" target="_blank">Filter it for Kashmiri</a>)</p>
</section>


<section id="h_info_requests">
<h3>Other related resources</h3>

<p>To complement any content authored specifically for this document, a separate document, Arabic Script Layout Requirements, points to information, tests, GitHub discussions, etc., for a wide range of languages that use a form of the Arabic script.</p>

<p>The <a href="https://w3c.github.io/typography/"><cite>Language enablement index</cite></a> points to this document and others, and provides a central location for developers and implementers to find information related to various scripts.</p>

<p>The W3C also has a repository with discussion threads related to the Arabic script, including requests from developers to the user community for information about how scripts/languages work, and a notification system that tracks issues in W3C working groups related to Arabic scripts. See a list of <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/w3c/alreq/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+label%3As%3Aarab+label%3Aquestion+">unresolved questions</a> for Arabic script experts. See also the <a href="https://w3c.github.io/alreq/home">repository home page</a>.</p>
</section>


<section id="h_languages">
<h3>Language scope</h3>

<p>This document is focused on two languages: Standard Arabic and Persian.</p>


<section id="h_standard_arabic_language">
<h4>Standard Arabic language</h4>

<p><dfn>Standard Arabic</dfn>—a.k.a. Modern Standard Arabic or Literary Arabic—is the standardized and literary variety of Arabic used in writing and in most formal speech in countries of Northern Africa and West Asia. Regional and classical dialects of Arabic may differ in layout and text details and are <em>not</em> covered by this document.</p>

<p>However, there are some major differences in common practices between the <dfn>Western Arab regions</dfn>—that is North-West Africa—and <dfn>Eastern Arab regions</dfn>—which is North-East Africa and West Asia. For example, the numeral digits used in the two regions and their formatting are vastly different. Although, there's no clear line between the Eastern and Western Arab regions.</p>
</section>


<section id="h_persian_language">
<h4>Persian language</h4>

<p><dfn>Persian</dfn>—a.k.a. Modern Persian—is the standardized and literary variety of the official languages used in Iran and Afghanistan. The dialect of Persian in Iran is also called Western Persian, and is locally known as <span class="qterm">Farsi</span>. The dialect of Persian in Afghanistan is also known as Eastern Persian, and is locally known as Dari.</p>

<p><dfn>Tajik</dfn>—a.k.a Tajiki or Tajiki Persian—is the Persian language as used in Tajikistan. It is written in the Cyrillic script, therefore, is <em>not</em> covered by this document.</p>
</section>
</section>
</section>


<section>
<h2 id="h_text_direction">Text direction</h2>


<section id="h_writing_mode">
<h3>Writing mode</h3>

<p>Arabic script is written from right to left. Numbers, even Arabic numbers, are written from left to right, as is text in a script that is normally left-to-right.</p>

<p>When the main script is Arabic, the layout and structure of pages and documents are also set from right to left.</p>


<section id="h_vertical_text">
<h4>Vertical text</h4>


<p>In situations where short runs of text run vertically, for example on book spines or in table headers, Arabic text is rotated to run along the line. It may be rotated so that the tops of the letters face to the left (read the text from top to bottom) or to the right (read the text from bottom to top).</p>


<figure id="fig_vertical_spine">
<img style="width: 89px;" src="images/vertical-rotated-left.png" alt=
"Vertical Arabic top down"> &nbsp; <img style="width: 90px;" src="images/vertical-rotated-right.png" alt="Vertical Arabic bottom up">
<figcaption>Vertical Arabic, top-down and bottom-up flow.</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>The flow of text, top-down vs. bottom-up, may depend on regions or authors. The left
case in [[[#fig_vertical_spine]]] is a typically francophone style for book
spines, whereas the right case is an anglophone style.</p>


<section id="h_vertical_embedding">
<h5>Arabic embedded in vertically orientated text</h5>

<p>When Arabic is embedded in body text that is set vertically, such as CJK or Mongolian text, it is also normally rotated so as to run along the line. Typically, the Arabic text will be read from bottom to top of the line.</p>

<p>When the Arabic text spans more than one line, the text is wrapped in the same way as it would be in horizontal text, ie. the first part of the Arabic text is kept on the
first line, and subsequent parts of the Arabic text appear on subsequent lines.
Therefore, in the case of Mongolian, where lines are read left-to-right, the Arabic text lines are also read left-to-right, whereas in Chinese or Japanese, where vertical lines are normally read right-to-left, the Arabic text lines are also read right-to-left.</p>

<figure id="fig_arabic_in_chinese">
<img style="width: 64px; height: 220px;" src="images/embedded-ar.png" alt=" ">
<figcaption>Arabic text embedded in vertical Chinese.</figcaption>
</figure>
</section>


<section id="h_vertical_upright">
<h5>Upright vertical Arabic text</h5>

<p>There are attested cases of Arabic text arranged vertically with the letters upright, for example in signboards for cinemas or theatres. It is not clear, at this point whether this a standard approach for Arabic text, or just an unusual layout that mimics Western typographic approaches.</p>

<figure id="fig_upright_vertical">
<img src="images/odeonMovie.png" alt="Arabic Upright on a front movie">
<figcaption>Arabic upright on a front movie (see arrow).</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>The following should be noted in <a href="#fig_upright_vertical"></a>.</p>

<ol>
<li>Letters flow from top to bottom (as with Latin script).</li>
<li>Isolated form of letters seems more appropriate here than the joined form.</li>
<li>Diacritic marks, if any, must be applied to letters and not appear on separate
lines.</li>
</ol>
</section>
</section>
</section>


<section id="h_bidi_text">
<h3>Bidirectional text</h3>


<section id="h_bidirectional_text">
<h4>The Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm</h4>

<p>The <dfn data-lt="bidirectional algorithm|bidi algorithm"><a href=
"http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/">Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm</a></dfn> (or
<span class="qterm">bidi algorithm</span>, for short) [[UAX9]] details an algorithm for rendering right-to-left text and covers a myriad of situations, mixing different kinds of characters. A simpler explanation of the basics of the algorithm exists in the W3C article <a href="https://www.w3.org/International/articles/inline-bidi-markup/uba-basics">Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm basics</a>. [[UBA-BASICS]] You can refer to these documents for more information about Unicode’s bidirectional algorithm.</p>

<p>A brief overview of the <a>bidirectional algorithm</a> follows, because the direction is an essential part of how Arabic script is used.</p>

<p>The characters of a text are digitally stored and transferred in the same order that they are typed by a user. This is the order in which the text is read and pronounced by people and held in memory by software applications, as shown in <a href="#fig_order_in_memory"></a> for a sample text.</p>


<figure id="fig_order_in_memory">
<img src="images/order-in-memory.svg" alt="The order of characters in memory" style="width:80%">
<figcaption>The order of characters in memory.</figcaption>
</figure>


<p>But the order used when displaying text is different. The purpose of the bidi algorithm is to find display positions for the characters of a text. These positions are solely used for displaying texts. <a href="#fig_order_when_displayed"></a> shows the same sample text when prepared for display with the bidi algorithm.</p>

<figure id="fig_order_when_displayed">
<img src="images/order-when-displayed.svg" alt="The order of characters when displayed" style="width:80%">
<figcaption>The order of characters when displayed.</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>An initial step of the process involves determining each paragraph’s <span class=
"qterm">base direction</span>: whether the paragraph is left-to-right or right-to-left. The base direction is either explicitly set by the author, inherited from the page, or (typically for user-generated content) detected based on the content of the paragraph. The base direction has two important uses later in the process.</p>

<p>The next step is to split the text into <span class="qterm">directional runs</span>. Each directional run is a sequence of characters with the same direction.</p>

<figure id="fig_directional_runs">
<img src="images/directional-runs.svg" alt="Splitting a text into 3 directional runs">
<figcaption>Splitting a text into 3 directional runs.</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>Inside each run, all the characters follow the same order. The runs themselves are ordered for visual representation from left to right or from right to left, depending on the base direction of the paragraph. <a href="#fig_order_of_directional_runs"></a> demonstrates an example of this. This is the first effect of the base direction.</p>

<figure id="fig_order_of_directional_runs">
<img src="images/order-of-directional-runs.svg" alt=
"The effect of base direction on the order of runs">
<figcaption>The effect of base direction on the order of runs.</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>Unicode has a <span class="qterm">bidi class</span> (or <span class="qterm">bidi
type</span>) property defined for each character that is used to determine the direction of each character. All the Arabic letters are marked as right-to-left characters, while Latin characters have the left-to-right category.</p>

<p>Some characters, mostly punctuation marks, are <span class="qterm">neutral</span>. The
direction of these characters is derived from their surrounding characters. If a neutral character is surrounded by characters of the same direction (e.g. a space surrounded by Arabic letters), it gets the direction of its neighbors. Otherwise (e.g. a space between an Arabic and a Latin, or a neutral character appearing at the start or the end of a paragraph), the neutral character gets its direction from the paragraph’s base direction. This is another effect of the base direction in the bidi algorithm.</p>

<p>The above explanation of the bidi algorithm is highly simplified, to convey only the
essentials of how Arabic text is transformed for rendering. The actual algorithm deals with many more character types and edge cases. Please refer to <a href=
"https://www.w3.org/International/articles/inline-bidi-markup/uba-basics">Unicode
Bidirectional Algorithm basics</a> [[UBA-BASICS]] for more information or <a href=
"http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/">Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm</a> [[UAX9]] for the official detailed documentation.</p>
</section>
</section>
</section>  


<section id="h_shaping">
<h2>Glyph shaping &amp; positioning</h2>


<section id="h_writing_styles">
<h3>Fonts &amp; font styles</h3>

<p>Traditionally, the Arabic alphabet contains 28 letters, though for practical purposes it makes sense to include the hamzah, which increases the number of letters to 29. Numerous letters share the same skeleton and are only distinguished by diacritic signs. Since letters change according to their position in the word, Arabic fonts typically contain hundreds of glyphs. Depending on the design of the font, the inclusion of ligatures, stylistic alternates, contextually sensitive shapes, language localisation, punctuation, etc. can further expand the glyphset. Some contemporary fonts include many hundreds, in some cases even thousands of glyphs.</p>
<p>Early typefaces, some still in use today, incorporated design features based on a variety of simplifications. For example, one of the first approaches  used a "typewriter" style, where the same glyph is used for different positions in a word. This is the case for initial and medial shapes for most  letters. It is generally the browser default font for the Arabic script. A more unifying approach is the use of a single and detached glyphs for each letter without joining. Other approaches were used, producing visual results of more or less practicality.</p>

<p>Nowadays, there is a large choice of fonts, and one can choose the font that best suits  one's typographical desire. However, one may also wish to take into account some non-typographical considerations like the following:</p>

<ul>
<li>Accessibility (readability and visibility).</li>
<li>Devices with a small screen (for example, larger loop and teeth height,
small descenders etc.), although fonts actually appear better on smartphones</li>
<li>Font style for titles and banners and alike (small number of words), may differ from the style for content text (long text).</li>
<li>Shapes and proportions (the size issue) in mixed texts.</li>
<li>Some fonts might give other opportunities for line justification than just the use of word spacing (See [[[#h_ligatures]]]).</li>
<li>etc.</li>
</ul>


<section id="h_the_islamic_manuscript_tradition">
<h3>The Islamic manuscript tradition</h3>

<section id="h_origins">
<h4>Origins</h4>
<p>The Arabic script belongs to the class of Semitic writing systems. It evolved from the Nabataean script, and attained its distinctive form by the 4th century CE. It is closely related to the Syriac and the Hebrew script. The earliest attested document written in the Arabic alphabet in its classical form stems from the Islamic era, it is dated to 643 CE.</p>

<p>According to Islamic belief, the prophet Muhammad received his revelations in the Arabic language. As a consequence, Arabic attained religious connotations. Muhammad's revelations were first compiled and standardised in writing after his death in 632 CE under the caliphs Abu Bakr and 'Uthman. The resulting holy book, the Qur’ān, became a central vehicle of the faith. The Arabic script thus spread with Islamic civilization beyond its origins, and started to be used to write other languages. Because of the wide reach of Islam, numerous, widely differing languages were and are written with the Arabic script. As a result, different orthographies, including variant forms of Arabic letters were conceived. In parallel to these linguistic developments, a plethora of regional styles emerged, making the Islamic manuscript tradition one of the richest in the world.</p>
</section>


<section id="h_writing_style">
<h4>Writing Styles</h4>

<p>Islamic manuscript practice evolved with Islamic art and civilization. Extant evidence of decorative use of the Arabic script can be found as early as the 7th century CE, in a mosaic band in the Dome of the Rock. Beyond frequent monumental inscriptions in architecture, calligraphy became one of the foremost Islamic art forms. Manuscript practice evolved into a central element of Islamic civilization through the copying of books, and the refinement of calligraphy into a form of fine art. The commissioning and writing of the Qur’ān was seen as an expression of religious devotion and provided the context for scribes and calligraphers to excel in their craft. Further to its use as a textual medium, Arabic calligraphy and lettering crafts developed a rich palette of decorative forms and uses.</p>

<p>A range of styles evolved over time in different regions and for different purposes. These include monumental writing styles used in decorative and representational settings, styles used for the exclusive use of rulers, common hands in different areas, and styles dedicated for specialist purposes such as miniature writing. Many of these styles fell out of use, some evolved further, and some retained a high degree of consistency over time.</p>

<p>There is evidence that both monumental and current hands existed and evolved from the early Islamic era onwards. Various exponents of the monumental styles are often loosely referred to as Kūfī, making it a term that lacks precision and clarity. It describes a group of styles that are marked by an angularity and stark graphic characteristics that are absent from the round scripts that took preeminence from the late 10th, early 11th century CE.</p>

<p>The ‘Abbassīd calligrapher Ibn Muqlah (885/886–940 CE) is recognised for his contribution to the evolution of the round scripts. He articulated a system of proportional relations of Arabic letterforms, which became known as 'The Proportioned Script' (al-khatt al-mansūb), although its precise meaning remains open to interpretation. His work was continued by Ibn al-Bawwāb (d. 1022 CE), and later by Yāqūt al-Musta‘ṣimī (d. 1298 CE), who is credited with refining and canonising six writing styles into their definitive forms. The so-called 'Six Pens' (al-aqlām as-sitta) became the expression of an early high point of Islamic calligraphy. They are grouped in sister scripts of two, in which one is a large, the other a small hand, which share some characteristics. They are (large/small) Thuluth and Naskh, Muhaqqaq and Reyhān, and Tawqi‘ and Riqa‘, and they superceded all preceding styles.
</p>

<p>Other cultural centres of Islamic civilization emerged after the fall of the ‘Abbassīds, and developed their distinct calligraphic styles. Of note is the Persian domain, where the styles Ta‘līq and Nasta‘līq emerged and attained their classical form in the 14th century CE. The Ottoman school began with Sheikh Hamdullah in the late 15th century CE, and built on the Arabic and Persian predecessors. It refined existing styles and invented new hands, to achieve a new high point in the arts of Islamic penmanship.</p>

<p>Today, only a handful of styles are still widely in use, and known. The most prominent style is Naskh, which has become the default form of Arabic in most contexts, notably as a model for typography. However, there is strong regional variance. In Iran and Pakistan Nasta‘līq remains the preferred style for Persian and Urdu respectively, and in the Mashriq Ruq‘ah (not to be confused with Riqa‘) retains a prominent role in casual writing, as well as in lettering. In calligraphic art, other styles are still practised, where notably Thuluth is preeminent.</p>


<dl>
<dt>Kūfī (كوفي)</dt>

<dd class="flexContainer">
<figure class="floatedFigure" id="fig_abbassid_style">
<img style="width: 200px; height: 147px;" src="images/kufiExampleQuran.jpg" alt=
"Kūfī ‘Abbassīd style">
<figcaption>Kūfī ‘Abbassīd style example [<a href=
"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_section_of_the_Koran_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg">Source</a>].</figcaption>
</figure>


<p>Kūfī is best understood as an umbrella term containing numerous variants, including widely diverging styles such as ornamental Kūfī, square Kūfī, and the so-called Eastern Kūfī, making the term highly ambiguous. The earliest forms of Kūfī are attested from the 7th century CE, making it one of the oldest Arabic writing styles. The Kūfī style that gained prominence in the production of Qur’ān manuscripts from the 7th century CE, also known as ‘Abbassīd style, is characterized by angular forms, with pronounced emphasis of horizontal strokes, very small or closed counter shapes, and uniformity of spacing.</p>
</dd>

<dt>Maghribī (مغربي)</dt>

<dd class="flexContainer">
<figure class="floatedFigure" id="fig_maghribi_style">
<img style="width: 170px; height: 177px;" src="images/maghribi2.jpg" alt=
"Maghribi script">
<figcaption>Maghribī example [<a href=
"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maghribi_script_sura_5.jpg">Source</a>].</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>Like Kūfī, the denomination Maghribī (western) is a generic name that encompasses numerous variants. This class of styles probably evolved from the ‘Abbassīd style when Islamic conquests advanced through North Africa and into the Iberian peninsula in the 8th century CE. It maintained some structural characteristics from the ‘Abbassīd style and evolved further into a distinct regional hand. Used for writing the Qur’ān as well as other scientific, legal and religious
manuscripts. <em>Rabat</em>, a <em><a href="#def_mabsut">mabsut</a></em> version of it, is widely used in some official printings in Morocco.</p>
</dd>

<dt>Thuluth (ثلث)</dt>

<dd class="flexContainer">
<figure class="floatedFigure" id="fig_thuluth_style">
<img style="width: 132px; height: 173px;" src="images/basmalahThuluth.png" alt=
"Thuluth script">
<figcaption>Thuluth example [<a href=
"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Basmalah-1wm.png">Source</a>].</figcaption>
</figure>

<p><em>Thuluth</em> is one of the first rounded styles and can be traced back to the late 10th century. Its name probably refers to the width of the pen, which was a third of the pen used for the ancient <em>Ṭūmār</em> style. Canonised as one of the six pens, over time <em>Thuluth</em> acquired preeminence in the Islamic calligraphic arts. It was mainly used for large, decorative applications such as titles, chapters headers, or monumental inscriptions.</p>
</dd>

<dt>Naskh (نسخ)</dt>

<dd class="flexContainer">
<figure class="floatedFigure" id="fig_naskh_style">
<img style="width: 147px; height: 166px;" src="images/naskhQuran2.png" alt=
"Naskh script">
<figcaption>Naskh example [<a href=
"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FirstSurahKoran_%28fragment%29.jpg">Source</a>].</figcaption>
</figure>

<p><em>Naskh</em> means ‘copying’, and it is the bookhand par excellence of the Arabic manuscript tradition. It emerged at the end of the 10th century, and developed into distinct regional schools from the 13th century. Over time Naskh became the predominant writing style for continuous text and superseded most earlier styles. When typography was adopted in the Arabic script world, <em>Naskh</em> formed the basis for most types intended for continuous reading.</p>
</dd>

<dt>Taʻlīq (تعليق)</dt>

<dd class="flexContainer">
<figure class="floatedFigure" id="fig_taliq_style">
<img style="width: 130px; height: 200px;" src="images/taliq.jpg" alt="Taʻlīq script">
<figcaption>Taʻlīq example [<a href=
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ta'liq_script_1.jpg/389px-Ta'liq_script_1.jpg">Source</a>].</figcaption>
</figure>

<p><em>Taʻlīq</em> (hanging) is a Persian chancery style. It probably emerged from the older <em>tawqī‘</em> and its definitive form was established by the 13th century. As the name indicates, and owing to the pronounced inclination, it gives the impression of being suspended from above.</p>
</dd>

<dt>Nastaʻlīq (نستعلیق)</dt>

<dd class="flexContainer">
<figure class="floatedFigure" id="fig_nastaliq_style">
<img style="width: 130px; height: 130px;" src="images/nastaliq.jpg" alt=
"Nastaliq script">
<figcaption>Nastaʻlīq example [<a href=
"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Khatt-e_Nastaliq.jpg">Source</a>].</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>The name <em>nastaʻlīq</em> combines <em>naskh</em> and <em>taʻlīq</em>, which may indicate the two influences of this style. <em>Nastaʻlīq</em> became the archetypal writing style of the Persianate world, and attained its definitive form by the late 14th century, although earlier forms are attested. Like taʻlīq it gives a ‘hanging’ impression, and is marked by smooth, flowing curves. Although not widely used for continuous text, nastaʻlīq also found some use for short texts in Arabic.</p>
</dd>

<dt>Dīwānī (ديواني)</dt>


<dd class="flexContainer">
<figure class="floatedFigure" id="fig_diwani_style">
<img style="width: 250px; height: 101px;" src="images/diwani.png" alt=
"Diwani script">
<figcaption>Dīwānī example [<a href=
"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Izzet_44.png">Source</a>].</figcaption>
</figure>

<p><em>Dīwānī</em> was used at the Ottoman court (Dīwān) for official documents, making it a typical chancery script. It developed from the Persian <em>taʻlīq</em> and found use from the late 15th century. Its considerable complexity was intended to preclude forgeries of official documents.</p>
</dd>


<dt>Ruqʻah (رقعة‎)</dt>


<dd class="flexContainer">
<figure class="floatedFigure" id="fig_ruqah_style">
<img style="width: 129px; height: 168px;" src="images/Ruq_ah.gif" alt="Ruqʻa script">
<figcaption>Ruqʻa example [<a href=
"https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87:Ruq_ah.gif">Source</a>].</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>The <em>Ruq’ah</em> style evolved from <em>Dīwānī</em> in the 18th century as a fast chancery hand in the Ottoman Empire. It should not be confused with the older <em>Riqā‘</em> that is wholly different. <em>Ruq’ah</em> is still commonly used in the region of the fertile crescent as the preferred hand for everyday use. Its compact proportions give it a dark appearance, and its origins as a small, fast hand lend the shapes a graphic simplicity when enlarged, a feature that makes it popular in contemporary lettering. </p>
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
</section>


<section class="h_context">
<h3>Context-based shaping &amp; positioning</h3>


<p>Arabic script has some characteristics that are challenging for typographers and font designers. The examples below show some characteristics that require careful consideration. How, even in the simpler <span style="font-style: italic;">naskh</span> style, can typography, which came late to the Arabic world,  follow the tradition of the many authors and artists who manually shaped the Arabic writing over decades.</p>


<section>
<h4>Multi-level baselines</h4>

<p>Letters may join through a finely inclined line.</p>

<figure id="fig_inclined_line">
<div style="margin-left: 40px;"><img style="width: 132px; height: 62px;" alt=
"slope baseline" src="images/yastabchiro.jpg"></div>
<figcaption>Inclining baseline.</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>Or they may appear on two, square-ended lines.</p>

<figure id="fig_square_ended_lines">
<div style="margin-left: 40px;"><img style="width: 92px; height: 79px;" alt=
"two level baselin" src="images/yastami3o.jpg"></div>
<figcaption>Dual-level baseline.</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>Multilevel baselines don't occur in all fonts. The above examples use the Arabic Typesetting font. Compare those examples to more typical fonts:</p>

<figure id="fig_single_baselines">
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><img style="width: 110px; height: 93px;" alt="normal Font" src="images/yastabchiroNormal.jpg"></p>
<figcaption>Flat baselines.</figcaption>
</figure>
</section>


<section>
<h4>Multi-context joining</h4>

<p>Rendering of letters depends not only on their place in the word (initial, medial, final) but also on their neighboring letters, i.e. the letter they join with. Each letter has a different appearance in each combination.</p>


<figure id="fig_forms_of_noon">
<img style="width: 324px; height: 79px;" alt="Different initial shape of noon" src="images/differentInitialNoon.jpg">
<figcaption>Initial letter noon, showing many different forms.</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>Fonts don't always comply with or respect this kind of <span class=
"qterm">tuning</span>. To do so, fonts need many glyphs in order to adapt to each
context. In more modern typefaces some of these connections are implemented by ligatures, but ligatures can't capture or cover all joining behavior.</p>

<p>In the two left most words, the initial noon differs in that one raises a kind of stroke. This property of raising a stroke is common for a number of letters (beh, teh, noon, theh) which are taller than their connected letters in order to be distinguished in some contexts, such as <img style="vertical-align: middle; width: 37px; height: 31px;" alt="Beh with stroke before seen" src="images/bsl.jpg"> vs. <img style="vertical-align: middle; width: 43px; height: 39px;" alt="Beh without stroke after seen" src="images/sbl.jpg">, or to resolve ambiguity. See also [[[#h_teeth_letters]]].</p>
</section>


<section>
<h4>Words as groups of letters</h4>

<p>A word shape is composed of not (only) a set of "horizontally" connected letters, but  groups of letters (syntagmes).</p>

<p>[[[#fig_word_groups_1]]] shows syntagmes in two words in a naskh font with many glyph variants.</p>

<figure id="fig_word_groups_1">
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 40%;"><img style="width: 76px; height: 46px;"
alt="Aleph and two groups of letters to form a word" src="images/barmajaAmiri.jpg">
</td>

<td style="text-align: center;width:40%;"><img style="width: 127px; height: 57px;"
alt="two other group of letters" src="images/stimrarihimaArabicTypesetting.jpg">
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<figcaption>Groups of letters are colored blue or red.</figcaption>
</figure>


<p>Compare that with the same words in more plain font:</p>


<figure id="fig_word_groups_2">
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width:40%;"><img style="width: 98px; height: 43px;"
alt="same word in more normal font" src="images/barmajaDefault.png">
</td>

<td style="text-align: center; width: 40%;"><img style=
"width: 144px; height: 46px;" alt="same word in default font" src="images/stimrarihimaDefault.jpg">
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<figcaption>Can't really say letter groups. Rather a "horizontal sequence of letters of almost same width".</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>Group combinations cannot be covered by general or usual ligatures.</p>
</section>


<section>
<h4>Vertical joining</h4>


<p>Groups of letters may also join vertically (top down) instead of right to left. Not all fonts permit this.</p>

<figure id="fig_vertical_joining">
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;"><img style=
"text-align: center; width: 65px; height: 70px;" alt="Vertical joining" src="images/vertivalJoin.jpg"></td>

<td style="text-align: center;"><img style=
"text-align: center; width: 69px; height: 46px;" alt="horizontal joing" src="images/horizontalJoin.jpg"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<figcaption>Almost vertical joining (left), vs. horizontal joins (right).</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>Once again, some fonts try standard ligatures, but this is not ligature. This is
rather (good) writing practice/style.</p>


<p>One should note that all these features have not only an aesthetic side, but also play a role in justification. Choosing a joining style to suit the desired line width is done at the discretion of authors for hand-written text. Applications should provide general rules to emulate these options, but achieving such justification requires sophisticated algorithms.</p>
</section>


<section id="h_teeth_letters">
<h4>The so-called teeth letters.</h4>

<p>Where successive letters have a uniform medial shape, they can be rendered in a way that resembles teeth.</p>

<figure id="fig_teeth_letters">
<div><img style="width: 276px; height: 74px;" alt="Teeth letters" src="images/teeth.jpg"></div>
<figcaption>"Teeth" letters.</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>Individual letter shapes may vary according to the context. It's not always the same letters (in red)
which raise the stroke in [[[#fig_teeth_letters]]].</p>
</section>


<section id="h_ligatures">
<h4>Ligatures</h4>

<p>Almost all the writing styles of the Arabic script use a special shape when the letters
<span class="lettername">lam</span> and <span class="lettername">alef</span> are joined. Most Arabic fonts include mandatory ligatures for this combination. Ignoring this ligature, as shown in [[[#fig_laam_alef_ligature]]], leads to incorrectly rendered text.</p>


<figure id="fig_laam_alef_ligature">
<img src="images/laam-alef-ligature.png" alt="Correct and wrong ways of rendering letter lam followed by letter alef"  style="width:60%">
<figcaption>
Correct and incorrect ways of rendering letter <span class="lettername">lam</span> followed by letter <span class="lettername">alef</span></figcaption>
</figure>


<p>This shape is not limited to the combination <span class="codepoint" translate="no"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">&#x0644;&#x0627;</span> [<span class="uname">U+0644 ARABIC LETTER LAM</span> + <span class="uname">U+0627 ARABIC LETTER ALEF</span>]</span>. Variations of the  letter <span class="lettername">alef</span> such as <span class="codepoint" translate="no"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">&#x0622;</span> [<span class="uname">U+0622 ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH MADDA ABOVE</span>]</span> and <span class="codepoint" translate="no"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">&#x0623;</span> [<span class="uname">U+0623 ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH HAMZA ABOVE</span>]</span> when combined with the letter <span class="lettername">lam</span> follow the same rules. Combination with diacritics does not affect these ligatures. Each of these ligatures also provides a special shape for joining on its right side (to the preceding letter).</p>
</section>


<section id="h_diacritics">
<h4>Diacritics</h4>

<p>More than one diacritic can occur after a single base character and all of them should be visually attached to the same character. Font files usually define special shapes or positioning for combination of diacritics. This extra information should be applied in rendering texts.</p>

<p>[[[#fig_combining_diacritics]]] shows an example, where, according to this
font’s specification, combining U+0651 ARABIC SHADDA and U+0650 ARABIC KASRA changes their positions. Various font files may require different transformations.</p>

<figure id="fig_combining_diacritics">
<img src="images/combining-diacritics.png" alt="Diacritics could be combined in Arabic script." style="width:60%">
<figcaption>Diacritics could be combined in Arabic script.</figcaption>
</figure>
</section>


<section id="h_diacritic_position">
<h4>Positioning diacritics relative to base characters</h4>

<p>In Arabic script text it is unusual to use diacritics for vowel information and for
consonant lengthening. If they are used, however, there are different approaches to their placement relative to the base characters they modify. Some fonts display short vowel diacritics at the same height, while others vary the height according to the base
character.</p>

<p>Another potential difference arises when a short i vowel diacritic is used with a shadda. In some cases the vowel diacritic remains below the base letter, whereas in other cases the vowel diacritic appears above the base letter, but under the shadda (so that it can be distinguished from the short a vowel diacritic, which appears above the shadda).</p>
</section>
</section>


<section class="h_cursive">
<h3>Cursive text</h3>


<p>Arabic script is a cursive writing system; i.e, letters can join to their neighboring letters. Besides the core behavior of the script, there are some details on how content is encoded in Unicode, and some rules around joining behavior when rendering special cases.</p>


<section id="h_joining_forms">
<h4>Joining Forms</h4>

<p>Every Arabic letter has one, two, or four different joining forms, which allow the
letter to join to its neighbors, if applicable. These four forms are:</p>

<ul>
<li><dfn data-lt="isolated">Isolated form</dfn>, used when the letter does not join to
any of the surrounding letters;</li>
<li><dfn data-lt="initial">Initial form</dfn>, used when the letter is joining only to
its next (left-hand side) letter;</li>
<li><dfn data-lt="medial">Medial form</dfn>, used when the letter is joining on both
sides, and</li>
<li><dfn data-lt="final">Final form</dfn>, used when the letter is joined only to its
previous (right-hand side) letter.</li>
</ul>

<p>[[[#fig_letter_meem_shapes]]] shows samples of all four joining forms for <span class="uname">U+0645 ARABIC LETTER MEEM</span> (<span dir="rtl" lang=
"ar">م</span>).</p>

<figure id="fig_letter_meem_shapes">
<img height="140" src="images/drawings/joining/joining-meem-isolated.png" alt=
"Isolated joining form of U+0645 ARABIC LETTER MEEM." style="width:10em">
<img height="140" src="images/drawings/joining/joining-meem-final.png" alt=
"Final joining form of U+0645 ARABIC LETTER MEEM." style="width:10em">
<img height="140" src="images/drawings/joining/joining-meem-medial.png" alt=
"Medial joining form of U+0645 ARABIC LETTER MEEM." style="width:10em">
<img height="140" src="images/drawings/joining/joining-meem-initial.png" alt=
"Initial joining form of U+0645 ARABIC LETTER MEEM." style="width:10em">
<figcaption>Four different letter forms for joining to surrounding letters.</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>We define the following two groups of joining forms:</p>

<ul>
<li><dfn data-lt="join-to-left">Join-to-left forms</dfn>: either Initial form or Medial
form of a letter, which joins to the left-hand side (next) letter. Other forms are called <dfn data-lt="non-join-to-left form">non-join-to-left</dfn>.</li>

<li><dfn data-lt="join-to-right">Join-to-right forms</dfn>: either Medial form or Final
form of a letter, which joins to the right-hand side (previous) letter. Other forms are
called <dfn data-lt="non-join-to-right form">non-join-to-right</dfn>.</li>
</ul>
</section>


<section id="h_joining_categories">
<h4>Joining Categories</h4>

<p>There are different categories of letters based on their joining behavior:</p>

<ul>
<li><dfn data-lt="dual-joining">Dual-joining letters</dfn>: can join from both sides, like the letter in <a href="#fig_letter_meem_shapes"></a>, and has all the four shapes mentioned above.</li>

<li>
<dfn data-lt="right-joining">Right-joining letters</dfn>: can only join to their
previous (right-hand side) letter, and therefore, only have <a>isolated</a> and
<a>final</a> shapes. <a href="#fig_letter_reh_shapes"></a> shows samples of both
forms for U+0631 ARABIC LETTER REH (ر).</li>

<li>
<dfn data-lt="non-joining">Non-joining letters</dfn>: cannot join to any surrounding
letter, and therefore can only take the <a>isolated</a> form. <a href=
"#fig_letter_hamzah_shape"></a> shows a sample of U+0621 ARABIC LETTER HAMZAH (ء) in
its only possible form.</li>
</ul>

<figure id="fig_letter_reh_shapes">
<img height="140" src="images/drawings/joining/joining-reh-isolated.png" alt=
"Isolated joining form of U+0631 ARABIC LETTER REH." style="width:10em">
<img height="140" src="images/drawings/joining/joining-reh-final.png" alt=
"Final joining form of U+0631 ARABIC LETTER REH." style="width:10em">
<figcaption><a>Right-joining letters</a> only have two forms of <a>final</a> and <a>isolated</a>.</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>Most of Arabic letters are either <a>dual-joining</a> or <a>right-joining</a>.</p>

<figure id="fig_letter_hamzah_shape">
<img height="140" src="images/drawings/joining/joining-hamza.png" alt=
"One joining form of U+0621 ARABIC LETTER HAMZAH." style="width:10em">
<figcaption><a>Non-Joining letters</a> only have one form: <a>isolated</a>.</figcaption>
</figure>
</section>


<section id="h_joining_rules">
<h4>Joining Rules</h4>

<p>There are core rules on how letters join to each other in the Arabic script, which stay valid regardless of the medium (hand-writing, typewriter, movable-type, digital, etc):</p>

<ol>
<li id="joining_rule_1">Letters of each word join together whenever possible,
implicitly.</li>

<li id="joining_rule_2">In some languages, like Persian and Urdu, there are words—mostly, but not limited to, compound words—that require explicit breaks in the joining of letters, although joining would otherwise be possible.</li>

<li id="joining_rule_3">In certain cases, a letter can be in a <a>join-to-left</a> form
without actually connecting to anything on the left, whether there’s any letter or not.
This is often seen in list counters, abbreviations, and other cases where letters do not have a word context, or are taken out of their original word context.</li>

<li id="joining_rule_4">In rare cases of words splitting where letters are joined, first letter of the second half will be in a <a>join-to-right</a> form without any previous letter. This behavior is limited to special cases like blanking specific letters of a word, line breaks in a paragraph, and word breaks across poetry verses. No standalone word can have any letters in <a>join-to-right</a> form without joining on the right-hand side.</li>
</ol>

<p>[[[#fig_joining_process]]] demonstrates how letters join (per Joining Rule
1) to form a word.</p>

<figure id="fig_joining_process">
<img src="images/joining-process.png" alt="Letter BEH and MEEM join to form a word." style="width:60%">
<figcaption>Letters join by taking their relevant form.</figcaption>
</figure>
</section>


<section id="h_joining_control">
<h4>Joining Control</h4>

<p>Arabic letters are represented in their intended joining forms in hand-writing,
typewriters, and old (deprecated) digital encodings of the script. In Unicode, letters are encoded semantically—meaning without any information about their joining form—and therefore there’s need for a mechanism for controlling of the joining behavior of the letters.</p>

<p>In Unicode, by default, neighbor Arabic letters join together if and only if both
letters are able to join towards the other.</p>


<section id="h_disjoining_enforcement">
<h5>Disjoining Enforcement</h5>

<p>As noted in Joining Rule 2, sometimes two Arabic letters sit next to each other (in
one word) which would normally join together, but should not. In Unicode, for such a
case, a special character should be used to enforce disjoining of these letters. This
character is called <span class="uname">U+200C ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER</span>, or
<dfn>ZWNJ</dfn> for short.</p>

<figure id="fig_disjoining_enforcement">
<img height="140" src="images/drawings/joining/joining-beh-yeh-zwnj-beh-yeh.png" alt=
"ZWNJ example." style="width:20em">
<figcaption>Example of using <a>ZWNJ</a> for <a href="#h_disjoining_enforcement">disjoining enforcement</a>.</figcaption>
</figure>
</section>


<section id="h_joining_enforcement">
<h5>Joining Enforcement</h5>


<p>Similarly, as noted in Joining Rule 4, sometimes an Arabic letter needs to take a
joining form when it would not happen normally. For example, some abbreviation methods use Initial Form of letters, when possible, for every letter in the abbreviation. Again, in Unicode, a special character should be used to enforce joining on this letter. This character is called <span class="uname">U+200D ZERO WIDTH JOINER</span>, or <dfn>ZWJ</dfn> for short.</p>

<p>Besides <a>ZWJ</a>, there’s another special Unicode character, <span class=
"uname">U+0640 ARABIC TATWEEL</span>, which enforces joining behavior (join causing) on
letters next to it. But, in contrast to <a>ZWJ</a>, <dfn>TATWEEL</dfn> has a glyph shape, looking like a hyphen and usually as wide as the SPACE glyph, which connects to the letters on the main joining line (a.k.a. base-line). So, using <a>TATWEEL</a> would give a similar Joining Enforcement behavior, but has a side effect of wider length for the letter, which is not always desired. That’s why it’s highly recommended to only use
<a>ZWJ</a> for joining control.</p>

<figure id="fig_joining_enforcement">
<img height="140"
src="images/drawings/joining/joining-heh-zwj-fullstop-sheh-fullstop.png"
alt="ZWJ example." style="width:25em">
<img height="140"
src="images/drawings/joining/joining-heh-tatweel-fullstop-sheh-fullstop.png"
alt="TATWEEL example." style="width:30em">
<figcaption>Example of using <a>ZWJ</a> (recommended) and <a>TATWEEL</a> (not recommended) for <a href="#h_joining_enforcement">joining enforcement</a>.
</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>In Unicode, <a>ZWNJ</a> and <a>ZWJ</a> are called <dfn>Joining Control Characters</dfn>.</p>
</section>


<section id="h_joining_disjoining_enforcement">
<h5>Joining-Disjoining Enforcement</h5>

<p>Two enforcement methods mentioned above can be combined together to form a
<dfn>Joining-Disjoining Enforcement</dfn> method, that enables <a href=
"#joining_rule_3">Joining Rule 3</a> for cases when there’s a <a>dual-joining</a>/<a>right-joining</a> letter after a <a>join-to-left</a> letter, which
should not be joined to its previous letter.</p>

<figure id="fig_joining_disjoining_enforcement">
<img height="140" src="images/drawings/joining/joining-heh-zwj-zwnj-sheh.png"
alt="ZWJ+ZWNJ example." style="width:20em">
<figcaption>Example of using <span class="qterm">&lt;ZWJ, ZWNJ&gt;</span> for
<a>joining-disjoining enforcement</a>.</figcaption>
</figure>
</section>


<section id="h_context_based_joining">
<h5>Context-Based Joining</h5>

<p>Joining Control is not only managed by the content, but sometimes happens by the word context. For example, a word may be broken between two joined letters because of line break, meaning the content is not changed and only the joining form of letters should be maintained across the break.</p>
</section>
</section>


<section id="h_joining_segments">
<h4>Joining Segments</h4>

<p>A sequence of letters that join together are called a <dfn>Joining Segment</dfn>.
Regardless of language, <dfn>joining segments</dfn> have no direct relationship to
syllables.</p>

<p>Two types of joining segments exist: <dfn data-lt=
"closed joining segment|closed joining segments">closed</dfn> and <dfn data-lt=
"open joining segment|open joining segments">open</dfn>.</p>


<section id="h_closed_joining_segments">
<h5>Closed Joining Segments</h5>

<p>Joining Segments usually have a closed form, meaning that they start in a
<a>non-join-to-right</a> form and end in a <a>non-join-to-left</a> form. <a>Closed
joining segments</a> are the result of segments either start and end with their normal
behavior (<a href="#joining_rule_1">Joining Rule 1</a>), or by <a href=
"#h_disjoining_enforcement">disjoining enforcement</a> (<a href="#joining_rule_2">Joining
Rule 2</a>).</p>

<p>There are two possible types of closed segments:</p>

<ul>
<li><dfn>Single-Letter Closed Segment</dfn>, which contains only one letter that is in
its Isolated form.</li>

<li><dfn>Multi-Letter Closed Segment</dfn>, which contains more than one letter,
starting with an Initial form, zero or more Medial forms, and ending with a Final
form.</li>
</ul>


<figure id="fig_closed_joining_segment_example">
<img height="140"
src="images/drawings/joining/joining-multiple-single-letter-closed-segments.png"
alt="A word with only single-letter closed segments." style="width:60%">
<img height="140"
src="images/drawings/joining/joining-single-multi-letter-closed-segment.png"
alt="A word that is just one long multi-letter closed segment." style="width:60%">
<figcaption>Examples of closed joining segment types.</figcaption>
</figure>
</section>


<section id="h_open_joining_segments">
<h5>Open Joining Segments</h5>

<p>Under the certain cases, as noted in <a href="#joining_rule_3">Joining Rules 3</a>
<a href="#joining_rule_4">and 4</a>, <a>joining segments</a> can start with a
<a>join-to-right</a> form, or end with a <a>join-to-left</a> form, or both.</p>

<p>There are three possible types of these segments:</p>

<ul>
<li><dfn>Open-On-Left Segment</dfn>, which contains one or more <a>Dual-Joining</a> letters,
starting with an Initial form and continuing with zero or more Medial forms.</li>

<li><dfn>Open-On-Right Segment</dfn>, which starts with zero or more Medial Form
letters, and ends with a Final Form letter.</li>

<li><dfn>Open-On-Both-Sides Segment</dfn>, which contains one or more <a>Dual-Joining</a>
letters, all in their Medial Form.</li>
</ul>

<figure id="fig_open_joining_segment_example">
<img height="140"
src="images/drawings/joining/joining-abbreviation-closed-segments.png"
alt="An abbreviation with closed segments." style="width:60%">
<img height="140"
src="images/drawings/joining/joining-abbreviation-open-on-left-segments.png"
alt="An abbreviation with open-on-left segments." style="width:60%">
<figcaption>Examples of joining segment types.</figcaption>
</figure>
</section>
</section>


<section id="h_non_joining_characters">
<h4>Non-Joining Characters</h4>

<p>Arabic Letters, two <a>Joining Control Characters</a> (<a>ZWNJ</a> and <a>ZWJ</a>), and <a>TATWEEL</a> are the only characters used in the Arabic writing system with joining behavior.</p>

<p>Arabic diacritics, other Unicode <span class="qterm">non-spacing marks</span>, and most Unicode <span class="qterm">format control characters</span> are considered <dfn data-lt="joining transparent">transparent</dfn> in joining behavior.</p>

<p>All other Unicode characters in Arabic script (as well as Latin and many other major
scripts) are non-joining and do not take any joining forms other than Isolated.</p>

<p>For more the details on <span class="qterm">Arabic Cursive Joining algorithm</span>,
please refer to chapter <a href=
"http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode15.0.0/ch09.pdf">Middle East-I — Modern and
Liturgical Scripts</a> of The Unicode Standard. [[UNICODE]]</p>
</section>


<section id="h_letterhighlights">
<h4>Special requirements when dealing with cursive glyphs</h4>

<p>The cursive nature of the Arabic script requires more attention when applying some visual styles to the texts. It mostly occurs when the implementation assumes letters as separated shapes and does not account for cursive scripts.</p>


<section id="h_joining_and_spacing">
<h5>Joining and Intra-Word Spaces</h5>

<p>The only spaces inside Arabic words are created near characters that are not
<a>dual-joining</a>. When adjusting intra-word spaces (i.e. the space inside the words) only these spaces can be adjusted. Moving two joined characters closer to or further from each other creates undesirable results.</p>
</section>


<section id="h_joining_and_transparency">
<h5>Transparency</h5>

<p>Arabic fonts achieve joining by overlapping letters. A left-joining letter extends out of its bounding box from the left side and a <a>right-joining</a> letter extends out of its bounding box from the right side. Making each letter transparent can expose these
overlapping joinings, which should be avoided. Joining the paths of the joined letter into a single shape can remove the overlappings and create the good results.</p>

<figure id="fig_joining-and-transparency">
<img src="images/joining-and-transparency.svg" alt=
"Applying transparency to Arabic letters should not expose their joining overlaps.">
<figcaption>Applying transparency to Arabic letters should not expose their joining overlaps.</figcaption>
</figure>
</section>


<section id="h_joining_and_text_border">
<h5>Text border</h5>

<p>When adding text border, simply adding a border to each letter shape fails to produce the proper result for the Arabic script. A joined letter should not be separated from its joined neighbors by adding border. Like transparency, a way to avoid this is to unify glyph paths into a single big path for all the letters that are joined and add border around that path.</p>

<figure id="fig_joining-and-text-border">
<img src="images/joining-and-text-border.svg" alt=
"Text border should not expose joinings.">
<figcaption>Text border should not expose joinings.</figcaption>
</figure>
</section>


<section id="h_styling_individual_letters">
<h5>Styling individual letters</h5>

<p>For educational, technical, or even aesthetic reasons, users might want to apply a
specific style to a single letter (or a few letters) in a word. For example, <a href=
"#fig_omantel_logo_photo"></a> is the logo of the largest telecommunications provider in Oman.</p>

<figure id="fig_omantel_logo_photo">
<img src="images/omantel.jpg" alt="Omantel logo">
<figcaption>Colour changes across joining characters in the logo for Omantel.</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>This should not break the letter’s joining with its neighbors, as shown in <a href=
"#fig_styling-individual-letters"></a>.</p>

<figure id="fig_styling-individual-letters">
<img src="images/styling-individual-letters.svg" alt=
"Applying style to a single letter should not interfere with its joining properties.">
<figcaption>Applying style to a single letter should not interfere with its joining properties.</figcaption>
</figure>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>


<section class="h_graphemes">
<h2>Typographic units</h2>


<section class="h_transforms">
<h3>Characters &amp; encoding</h3>


<p>Arabic script is encoded in the Unicode standard <em>semantically</em>, meaning that every letter receives only a single Unicode character, no matter how many different contextual shapes it may exhibit.</p>


<p>Unicode also has a partial set of <em>non-semantic</em> encoded characters for the Arabic script, under blocks <em>Arabic Presentation Forms-A</em> and <em>Arabic Presentation Forms-B</em>, which are deprecated and should not be used in general interchange.</p>


<p>[[[#characters-tables]]] lists characters used for the Arabic and Persian languages. Characters used for these languages include letters and diacritics, three sets of digits (usage depending on the region), punctuation (some common and some specific to the script), symbols, and Unicode formatting characters.</p>


<p>The majority of these characters are common among different languages, though there are three different sets of digits for use by different languages. Most of the alphabetical characters are used by all the languages using Arabic scripts, but there are exceptions, such as the Arabic letter <span class="lettername">yeh</span> being represented with two different characters, <span class="uname">U+064A ARABIC LETTER YEH</span> (<span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ي</span>) and <span class="uname">U+06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH</span> (<span lang="ar" dir=
"rtl">ی</span>). These differences among the character sets of each language are marked in the appendix tables.</p>


<p>Control characters are used to produce the correct spelling of the words or to ensure correct combination with left-to-right content. Consequently, they should be preserved when storing and displaying texts.</p>
</section>


<section class="h_segmentation">
<h3>Grapheme/word segmentation &amp; selection</h3>


<p>Similar to alphabetic orthographical conventions of Latin script, word-boundaries in
Arabic script can be distinguished by white space and a specific subset of punctuation
marks.</p> 

<p>In case of hand-written Latin script text, the word-space boundaries were introduced
to improve readability of manuscripts. This practice first surfaced in seventh and
eight century CE and was common by thirteenth and fourteenth. [BURNLEY], [SAENGER]</p>

<p>The earliest known example of an Arabic text typeset with movable types which
dates back to 1514, lacks word-space boundaries and shows all characteristics of following the calligraphic tradition. Arabic books typeset by the end of the century show a progression towards using word-space boundaries and by the end of 18th century, the practice is widespread and common.</p>

<p>Regardless of writing systems, since these conventions have emerged over the course of time and as some believe in response to non-orthographic principles of wordhood
[OX-WORD], there are always exceptions existing for them. Some of such special cases and exceptions are detailed below:</p>
<ul>
<li>"<span dir="rtl">و</span>" conjunction in Arabic orthography;</li>
<li>"<span dir="rtl">ل</span>" before a non-Arabic script noun (<span dir="rtl">"ل‍ W3C"</span>);</li>
<li>"<span dir="rtl">ب</span>" before a number in Arabic orthography (<span dir="rtl">"ب‍ 42"</span>);</li>
<li>the misuse of space in place of ZWNJ in some Arabic script languages.</li>
</ul>

<p>Unicode Text Segmentation [[UAX29]] describes guidelines for determining most significant text boundaries independent of language and orthographic conventions. These guidelines shape a logical set of rules for default boundary determination based on Unicode Standard uniform character model.</p>

<p>Beyond this default boundary determination model, the locale-specific boundary specifications, including cases which require boundary suppression, are available in
[[CLDR]].</p>

<p>For line segmentation (or more precisely, where line breaks are allowed) see section 4.1 and for details paragraph boundaries see Section 4.3.</p>
</section>
</section>


<section id="h_characters_and_phrases">
<h2>Punctuation &amp; inline features</h2>


<section id="h_dataformats">
<h3>Data formats &amp; numbers</h3>


<section id="h_preferred_terminology">
<h4>Preferred Terminology</h4>

<p>Before entering this section in we need to introduce few preferred terminological
conventions for disambiguation and simplicity.</p>

<ul>
<li><dfn data-lt="European digits|ASCII digits">European Numerals</dfn> are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. They are also referred to as <a>Western Arabic Numerals</a> or simply as <a>Arabic Numerals</a>. Although these are terminologically correct terms, to avoid
confusions we will refrain from using these phrases to refer to these numerals. <a>European Numerals</a> or <dfn>ASCII numerals</dfn> are used instead.</li>

<li><dfn data-lt="Arabic-Indic digits">Arabic-Indic Numerals</dfn> are <span dir=
"ltr">٠</span>, <span dir="ltr">١</span>, <span dir="ltr">٢</span>, <span dir=
"ltr">٣</span>, <span dir="ltr">٤</span>, <span dir="ltr">٥</span>, <span dir=
"ltr">٦</span>, <span dir="ltr">٧</span>, <span dir="ltr">٨</span>, <span dir=
"ltr">٩</span>.</li>

<li><dfn data-lt="Eastern Arabic-Indic digits">Eastern Arabic-Indic Numerals</dfn> are ۰, ۱, ۲, ۳, ۴, ۵, ۶, ۷, ۸, ۹.</li>

<li><dfn>Extended Arabic-Indic Numerals</dfn> same as <a>Eastern Arabic-Indic Numerals</a>.</li>

<li><dfn>Western Arabic Numerals</dfn>, or <dfn>Arabic Numerals</dfn> same as <a>European Numerals</a>.</li>

<li><dfn>Eastern Arabic Numerals</dfn> is used to refer to both <a>Arabic-Indic
Numerals</a> and <a>Eastern Arabic-Indic Numerals</a>. Should be avoided due to
ambiguity.</li>

<li><dfn>Indic Numerals</dfn> should be avoided to refer to either of Arabic-Indic or
Eastern Arabic-Indic numerals.</li>

<li><dfn>Digit</dfn>, <dfn>Numeral digit</dfn>, and <dfn>Numeral</dfn> are used as
synonyms.</li>
</ul>
</section>


<section id="h_families_of_numerals">
<h4>Families of Numerals</h4>

<p>Three families of numerals are used with languages using the Arabic Script: the <a>European Numerals</a>, the <a>Arabic-Indic Numerals</a>, and <a>Eastern Arabic-Indic Numerals</a>. The following table, based on a <a href=
"https://www.w3.org/TR/2006/NOTE-arabic-math-20060131/#NumberSystems">similar table</a> in [[W3-ARAB-MATH]] exhibits these three families. Those three numerals which have different shapes between <a>Arabic-Indic Numerals</a> and <a>Eastern Arabic-Indic Numerals</a> are highlighted.</p>

<table style="border:1px solid gray">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Family</th>

<th>Unicode Range</th>

<th colspan="10">Numeral Digits</th>

<th>Regions in Use</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<th>European</th>

<td><span class="uname">U+0030 DIGIT ZERO
<br>
..
<br>
U+0039 DIGIT NINE</span>
</td>

<td>0</td>

<td>1</td>

<td>2</td>

<td>3</td>

<td>4</td>

<td>5</td>

<td>6</td>

<td>7</td>

<td>8</td>

<td>9</td>

<td>Western Arabic-speaking countries; e.g. Algeria or Morocco.</td>
</tr>


<tr>
<th>Arabic-Indic</th>

<td><span class="uname">U+0660 ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ZERO
<br>
..
<br>
U+0669 ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT NINE</span>
</td>

<td>٠</td>

<td>١</td>

<td>٢</td>

<td>٣</td>

<td style="color: red">٤</td>

<td style="color: red">٥</td>

<td style="color: red">٦</td>

<td>٧</td>

<td>٨</td>

<td>٩</td>

<td>Eastern Arabic-speaking countries; e.g. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iraq.</td>
</tr>


<tr>
<th>Eastern Arabic-Indic</th>

<td><span class="uname">U+06F0 EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ZERO
<br>
..
<br>
U+06F9 EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT NINE</span>
</td>

<td>۰</td>

<td>۱</td>

<td>۲</td>

<td>۳</td>

<td style="color: red">۴</td>

<td style="color: red">۵</td>

<td style="color: red">۶</td>

<td>۷</td>

<td>۸</td>

<td>۹</td>

<td>Iran and Afghanistan.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>


<p>In all Arabic numeral systems, numbers are written with the lowest significant digits to the right and the highest digits to the left (a.k.a. left to right), though Arabic script is written from right to left.</p>

<p>An important fact to note here is the <span class="qterm">bidirectional category</span> of these numbers.</p>

<ul>
<li>
<a>European digits</a> and <a>Eastern Arabic-Indic digits</a> are of category
<span class="qterm">EN (European Number)</span>.</li>

<li>
<a>Arabic-Indic digits</a> are of category <span class="qterm">AN (Arabic
Number)</span>, differently from their counterpart just above.</li>
</ul>

<p>The difference in bidirectional category between <a>Arabic-Indic digits</a> and
<a>Eastern Arabic-Indic digits</a> is due to the difference in the behavior desired in
Arabic vs. Persian.</p>

<p>As a consequence, the following sentences, having  similar content, result in a very different ordering in a right-to-left context:</p>

<div class="example" dir="rtl">Five is written ۵ in Iran and ٥ in Egypt.</div>

<div class="example" dir="rtl">Five is written ۵ in Iran and 5 in Morocco.</div>
</section>


<section id="h_formatting_of_numerals">
<h4>Formatting of Numerals</h4>

<p><a>European numerals</a> are used with "," (<span class="uname">U+002C COMMA</span>) and "." (<span class="uname">U+002E FULL STOP</span>) as <span class="qterm">decimal
separator</span> and <span class="qterm">thousands separator</span>, respectively, or vice versa; depending on the region.</p>

<ul>
<li>1.234,5 in Western regions.</li>

<li>1,234.5 in Eastern regions.</li>

<li>Sometimes, <span class="uname">U+2009 THIN SPACE</span> or <span class="uname">U+202F NARROW NO-BREAK SPACE</span> may also be used as <span class="qterm">thousands separator</span>.</li>
</ul>

<p><a>Arabic-Indic numerals</a> use two specific separators:</p>

<ul>
<li>"٫" (<span class="uname">U+066B ARABIC DECIMAL SEPARATOR</span>)</li>

<li>"٬" (<span class="uname">U+066C ARABIC THOUSANDS SEPARATOR</span>)</li>

<li>Example: ١٬٢٣٤٫٥&nbsp;.</li>
</ul>
</section>


<section id="h_Arabic_number_in_other_uses">
<h4>Arabic number in other uses</h4>

<p>Numbers do not always appear alone, and may appear alongside other characters like financial symbols, fraction signs, decimal and/or thousands signs (excluding math expressions here). Also there are Arabic-specific signs such as <span class="codepoint"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">؉</span> [<span class="uname">U+0609 ARABIC-INDIC PER MILLE SIGN</span>]</span> and <span class="codepoint"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">٪</span> [<span class="uname">U+066A ARABIC PERCENT SIGN</span>]</span>, as well as the Arabic decimal " ٫ " (U+66B) and thousands&nbsp; " ٬ " (U+066C) separators, mentioned earlier. These are mostly used with Arabic-Indic digits.</p>

<p>Numerals can also come separated by or mixed with space or other signs. Example are phone numbers +12&nbsp;34&nbsp;56&nbsp;78&nbsp;89, cars licence plate like 123&nbsp;د‎&nbsp;4,&nbsp; quantities 37.5°, &nbsp; ٥٠ كلم (50km) etc.</p>

<p>Particular attention is needed here. Firstly, numbers have a weak directionality with regards to the Bidi algorithm. For example, alongside a number, certain otherwise neutral characters, such as negative/positive sign, currency or degree symbols, are likely to be treated as part of the number rather than a neutral.</p>

<p>Secondly, the placement of the accompanying signs and symbols may depend on the region: generally Middle East (or anglophone) vs. Western (or francophone) regions. This is not to mention punctuation signs.</p>

<ul>
<li>The percent sign is placed on the left after the number (ie. ٪١٢ not *١٢٪), and without a space (*<span dir="rtl">٪&nbsp;١٢</span>). With European numbers, <span class="codepoint"><span lang="en">%</span> [<span class="uname">U+0025 PERCENT SIGN</span>]</span> is sometimes used, and can be placed either on the right or the left of the digits (eg. 12% or %12).</li>

<li>Arabic decimal and thousand separators obey the same rule as for European numbers (١٬٢٣٤٫٥٦). European signs are used with European numbers (1.234,56 or 1,234.56).</li>

<li>Money or currency signs when they come alongside a number, are placed at the left and treated as part of the number rather than a neutral (€12.3 or €١٢٫٣).</li>

<li>On the other hand, degree signs are placed at the right of the number (37.5°&nbsp;C, ٩٩٫٥°&nbsp;F) or (<span dir="rtl">37.5°&nbsp;م</span>, <span dir="rtl">۹۹٫۵°&nbsp;ف</span>).</li>

<li>When indicating quantity, there should a separating space (<span dir="rtl">12&nbsp;كغ</span>, <span dir="rtl">٤٥&nbsp;مم</span>).</li>

<li>The same rule applies when using range of values. (<span dir="rtl">12-15&nbsp;كغ</span>, but <span dir="rtl">12٪-15٪&nbsp;كغ</span>).</li>

<li><span class="codepoint"><span lang="en">/</span> [<span class="uname">U+002F SOLIDUS</span>]</span> is used for fractions or ratio notation. Fractions are noted for one-half, say, 2/1 or ٢/١, mostly in RTL mode. There is no standard approach, however, and some region/author may write 1/2 for European digits.</li>

<li>Notation with Solidus sign " / " are used in:
<br>
<ul>
<li>Notation such as speed "50 km/h"
<br>
كم/س ‎ 50</li>

<li>Notation such as "Page / Volume", for example a reference to a page in a volume
<br>
١٢٣/١ for volume ١, page ١٢٣</li>

<li>or reference to Quran "Verse / Surah",
<br>
١٣/٩٠ for Surah 90, Verse 13</li>

<li>Mark or rank in a classification
<br>
20/15 for rank 15 over 20</li>

<li>Dates (2017/06/24, ٢٠١٧/٠٦/٢٤)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
</section>


<section id="h_lines_and_paragraphs">
<h2>Line &amp; paragraph layout</h2>


<aside class="prompts">This section describes typographic features related to line breaking &amp; hyphenation, text alignment &amp; justification, text spacing, baselines, line height, counters, lists, and styling initials.</aside>

<section id="h_line_breaking">
<h3>Line breaking &amp; hyphenation</h3>

<p>When Arabic text doesn't fit within the available line width, the text is wrapped to the next line between words.</p>

<p>In bidirectional text, if a line break occurs between a sequence of words that are progressing in a left-to-right direction the first line will be filled with LTR words that come at the start of the phrase in the order spoken (ie. not the visual order when laid out in a single line). This is because it is never correct to read lines from bottom to top. A similar rearrangement is required when a sequence of right-to-left words is split at the end of a line in an overall LTR context.</p>
</section>


<section id="h_alignment">
<h3>Text alignment &amp; justification</h3>

<p>Lines of Arabic script text are normally right aligned within the page.</p>

<p>There are a number of different ways to produce justified text in Arabic. In some cases several of these methods may be combined. In other cases, certain methods are disallowed.</p>


<p>Typical methods include:</p>

<ul>
<li>Expansion or contraction of inter-word spaces.</li>

<li>Expansion or contraction of intra-word spaces, ie. the space following a character in
the middle of a word that doesn't join with the character that follows it.</li>

<li>Use of wider glyph forms for certain characters.</li>

<li>Stretching of the joins between characters, known as 'kashida'.</li>

<li>Use of ligated forms, to reduce space taken by characters on a line.</li>
</ul>

<p>Of the four basic justification methods (flush left, flush right, justified, and centered), justified is the most challenging, as it requires changing the widths of the lines to a predefined measure. <dfn>Measure</dfn> refers to the width of a column of text. In a justified paragraph the width of all the lines should be the same as the paragraph’s measure, except the last line.</p>

<p>In Arabic there are six mechanisms for changing the width of a line of text. Each one has its limitations and considerations on when and how it can be applied. Furthermore, different typographers and calligraphers have divergent preferences for these mechanisms.</p>

<p>An important factor in the application of these mechanisms is their success in creating an even <dfn>color</dfn>. The color of the text refers to the amount of ink (or blackness) used to print or show a block of text. Color describes the density of the text against its background. Poorly justifying paragraphs can create uneven distribution of color.</p>

<p>These mechanisms are not exclusive. Quite the contrary, they are commonly used simultaneously to produce better justified paragraphs. Combination of these mechanisms is discussed in <a href="#h_combination_of_the_mechanisms">Combination of the Mechanisms</a>.</p>


<section id="h_adjusting_inter_word_spaces">
<h4>Adjusting Inter-Word Spaces</h4>

<p>This is the same mechanism widely used when justifying Latin scripts, where the width of the spaces between the words can be increased or decreased to change the width of the line.</p>

<figure>
<img src="images/adjusting-inter-word-spaces.svg" alt=
"Aligning lines by increasing and decreasing spaces between the words." style="width:60%;">
<figcaption>Aligning lines by increasing and decreasing spaces between the words.</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>A minimum width is defined for how much the space can be shrunk, because putting the words too close to each other creates aesthetic and legibility problems.</p>

<p>Stretching the space too wide is also undesirable, but is utilized as a last resort when it is not possible to use other solutions to make fully justified paragraphs. In some applications a maximum width for the inter-word space is defined as a soft limit (compared to minimum width which is a hard limit). Reaching the maximum width makes the software to try to use other solutions for justification. If no other solution could yield the required
result, the software would fall back to inter-word spacing and stretch the space past the maximum width.</p>

<p>Depending solely on this mechanism for aligning lines in a justified paragraph can lead to unpleasant results, such as rivers (multiple stretched spaces appearing vertically close to each other and forming a white gap inside the paragraph) and uneven distribution of color in the paragraph. Hence, typographers generally use other mechanisms as well to minimize the effect of adjusting inter-word spaces.</p>
</section>


<section id="h_adjusting_intra_word_spaces">
<h4>Adjusting Intra-Word Spaces</h4>

<p>This solution alters the space between letters of each word to change the width of the text. Like adjusting inter-word spaces, this is used for Latin scripts as well, but using it for Arabic script involves considerations specific to Arabic. As noted in <a href="#h_joining_and_spacing">Joining and Intra-Word Spaces</a>, the principal consideration is that gaps between characters only exist for those letters that join only to the right, such as <span class="lettername">dal</span> and <span class="lettername">reh</span> . Adjustment of intra-word space is not relevant where one letter is joined to its neighbors.</p>

<figure>
<img src="images/adjusting-intra-word-spaces.png" alt="Altering intra-word spaces between unjoined letters." style="width:50%;">
<figcaption>Altering intra-word spaces between unjoined letters.</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>Depending on the writing style and the typeface in use, different amounts of alteration to the intra-word space is acceptable for Arabic. Some writing styles allow more liberal adjustments to the closeness of the letter groups, while others can only accept small adjustments in this regard. In any case, much smaller adjustments can be used for intra-word spacing in comparison for inter-word spacing, which naturally is wider and tolerate bigger adjustments.</p>
</section>


<section id="h_alternative_shapes">
<h4>Alternative Shapes</h4>

<p>In addition to the four joining forms (isolated, initial, medial, and final), each Arabic letter can come with different shapes while preserving its joining form. For instance, a typeface or writing style can offer two or more shapes for the final form of a single letter.</p>

<p>These variant shapes usually have variant widths and hence can be used to adjust the width of the line.</p>

<figure>
<img src="images/alternative-letter-shapes.png" alt="Alternative shapes for changing the width of the text.">
<figcaption>Alternative shapes for changing the width of the text.</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>An advantage of using alternative letter shapes when justifying paragraphs is that it does not involve modifying default properties of the typeface (width of space or other characters). Instead, it is using shapes that are part of the typeface and are in harmony with other shapes in the lines.</p>

<p>But excessive use of alternative shapes, such as using multiple very wide alternatives close to each other, can create unnatural results.</p>

<p>It is not possible to justify paragraphs using only alternative letter shapes, because these shapes have predefined widths. For example, if a line should get 25 points wider, it is impossible to achieve that by using alternative letter shapes that are, say, 10 or 20 or 30 points wider than the default shapes. But these shapes can make the lines closer to measure, thus reducing the usage of other mechanisms.</p>
</section>


<section id="h_justification_ligatures">
<h4>Ligatures</h4>

<p>Some Arabic fonts, following the writing styles that use special shapes when joining certain letters, provide a rich number of ligatures. These ligatures can be used in paragraph justification, since they usually reduce the widths of the words.</p>

<figure>
<img src="images/different-ligatures.png" alt="Various ligatures reducing the widths of the words">
<figcaption>Various ligatures reducing the widths of the words.</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>But existence of the ligatures in a font does not mean that they can be used freely. A font may provide some of its ligatures for creating an artistic style, which would be unsuitable for texts requiring optimum legibility.</p>

<p>For that reason, the user should be able to select which sets of ligatures can be used for justification. Fonts can offer predefined sets of ligatures to simplify this process.</p>
</section>


<section id="h_justification_kashida">
<h4>Kashida</h4>

<p>Kashida refers to extending the horizontal connection between joined letters.</p>

<figure>
<img src="images/kashida.png" alt="Two words extended with kashida.">
<figcaption>Two words extended with kashida.</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>This is a feature deeply related with the cursive nature of Arabic script. Kashida is an interesting tool for paragraph justification. It is more flexible than alternative letter shapes and ligatures, because it is not restricted to a limited number of predefined widths. At the same time, it has relatively less effect on the text color than spacing.</p>

<p>But a proper implementation of kashida involves a number of limitations and considerations.</p>

<p>Excessive use of kashida or applying very long kashidas results in uneven color. Also, horizontal or vertical proximity of numerous kashida creates an unnatural color.</p>

<figure>
<img src="images/too-much-kashida.png" alt=
"Unpleasant result of excessive use of kashida.">
<figcaption>Unpleasant result of excessive use of kashida.</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>Kashida is not always straight. Some fonts may require curvilinear kashidas, which require more advanced implementations.</p>

<figure>
<img src="images/curvilinear-kashida.gif" alt="Curvilinear kashida">
<figcaption>Curvilinear kashida.</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>Typographers can have preferred places for applying kashidas. In other words, instead of applying kashida between every joined pair of letters, they want it at certain joins.</p>

<figure>
<img src="images/tanzil.png" alt="There are multiple joins in this word, but only one is selected for kashida.">
<figcaption>There are multiple joins in this word, but only one is selected for kashida.</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>Another preference is avoiding multiple kashidas in a single word.</p>
</section>


<section id="h_justification_tatweel">
<h4>Tatweel</h4>

<p>Tatweel is a <a>dual-joining</a> character that can be inserted between two joined letters to widen their connection. In The Unicode Standard, tatweel is represented as <span class="codepoint" translate="no"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">&#x0640;</span> [<span class="uname">U+0640 ARABIC TATWEEL</span>]</span>.</p>

<figure>
<img src="images/tatweel.svg" alt="Tatweel" style="width:60%;">
<figcaption>Tatweel.</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>Tatweel extends letter connections in a fashion similar to kashida, but in a much more limited way. It is a character that has to be in the text or inserted like other characters. It has a predefined width, like any other character.</p>

<p>Yet it is much simpler to implement, since it acts like normal Arabic characters and does not require special treatment. For this reason, it can be considered useful specially in constrained implementations like fixed-width environments.</p>
</section>


<section id="h_combination_of_the_mechanisms">
<h4>Combination of the Mechanisms</h4>

<p>Each of the above six mechanisms have their own limitations and side effects. Utilizing only one of them for justifying paragraphs can create undesirable results. Multiple mechanisms can be used at the same time to work around their limitations and minimize their side effects.</p>

<p>Since Arabic provides various mechanisms that can be used for justification, an advanced implementation that supports all or most of the above features can produce exemplary justifications. More limited applications can combine what is available.</p>

<p>Preferences for each mechanisms can depend on the document and text and the preference of the typographers and users. Implementations can enable users to prioritize and control the mechanisms mentioned above.</p>
</section>
</section>


<section id="h_spacing">
<h3>Text spacing</h3>

<p>There are situations where Arabic text is stretched for reasons other than justification. Common instances include:</p>


<ul>
<li>In a heading, or a word on a street sign to make it more visible.</li>

<li>Alongside a transcriptions, to make Arabic text the same width.</li>

<li>To mimic voiced emphasis or drawn out sounds</li>
</ul>

<p>These instances do not correspond to letter-spacing in non-cursive scripts, however. Apart
from the fact that the stretching is indicated by stretching the baseline between characters,
the stretching is not usually equidistant between all characters in the stretched text.</p>
</section>


<section id="h_baselines">
<h3>Baselines, line height, etc.</h3>

<p>Arabic ascenders and descenders extend much further than those of the Latin script, and care must be taken to correctly align text in the different scripts when they appear together.</p>

</section>


<section id="h_counters">
<h3>Lists, counters, etc.</h3>

<p>Arabic script text may use special counter styles for lists, numbering headings, pages, etc., based on Arabic script characters.</p>
</section>
</section>


<section class="appendix" id="characters-tables">
<h2>Characters</h2>


    <p>The following tables list Unicode characters used for Arabic script. Each table has two
    columns named <span class="qterm">Ar</span> and <span class="qterm">Fa</span> which denote
    which characters are used for Arabic or Persian languages, respectively. The content of these
    columns is one of these symbols:</p>


    <ul>
      <li><span class="langMarkYes">✓</span> means that the character is used for that
      language.</li>


      <li><span class="langMarkAuxiliary">✲</span> means that the character is auxiliary for that
      language.</li>


      <li><span class="langMarkNo">✕</span> means that the character is not used for that
      language.</li>
    </ul>


    <section id="h_character_tables_alphabetical_characters">
      <h3>Alphabetical characters</h3>


      <table class="characters">
        <thead>
          <tr>
            <th class="charColumn">Character</th>

            <th class="ucsColumn">UCS</th>

            <th class="charnameColumn">Name</th>

            <th class="languageColumn">Ar</th>

            <th class="languageColumn">Fa</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>


        <tbody>
          <tr id="def_U+0621">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ء</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0621</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER HAMZA</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0622">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">آ</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0622</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH MADDA ABOVE</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0623">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">أ</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0623</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH HAMZA ABOVE</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0624">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ؤ</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0624</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH HAMZA ABOVE</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0625">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">إ</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0625</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH HAMZA BELOW</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Persian">✲</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0626">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ئ</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0626</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH HAMZA ABOVE</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0627">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ا</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0627</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER ALEF</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0628">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ب</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0628</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER BEH</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0629">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ة</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0629</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER TEH MARBUTA</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+062A">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ت</td>

            <td class="uname">U+062A</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER TEH</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+062B">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ث</td>

            <td class="uname">U+062B</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER THEH</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+062C">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ج</td>

            <td class="uname">U+062C</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER JEEM</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+062D">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ح</td>

            <td class="uname">U+062D</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER HAH</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+062E">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">خ</td>

            <td class="uname">U+062E</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER KHAH</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+062F">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">د</td>

            <td class="uname">U+062F</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER DAL</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0630">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ذ</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0630</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER THAL</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0631">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ر</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0631</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER REH</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0632">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ز</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0632</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER ZAIN</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0633">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">س</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0633</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER SEEN</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0634">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ش</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0634</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER SHEEN</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0635">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ص</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0635</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER SAD</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0636">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ض</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0636</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER DAD</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0637">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ط</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0637</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER TAH</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0638">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ظ</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0638</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER ZAH</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0639">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ع</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0639</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER AIN</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+063A">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">غ</td>

            <td class="uname">U+063A</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER GHAIN</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0641">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ف</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0641</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER FEH</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0642">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ق</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0642</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER QAF</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0643">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ك</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0643</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER KAF</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Persian">✲</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0644">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ل</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0644</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER LAM</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0645">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">م</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0645</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER MEEM</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0646">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ن</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0646</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER NOON</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0647">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ه</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0647</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER HEH</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0648">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">و</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0648</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER WAW</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0649">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ى</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0649</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER ALEF MAKSURA</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Persian">✲</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+064A">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ي</td>

            <td class="uname">U+064A</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER YEH</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Persian">✲</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+066F">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ٯ</td>

            <td class="uname">U+066F</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER DOTLESS QAF</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Arabic">✲</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Persian">✕</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0671">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ٱ</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0671</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER ALEF WASLA</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Persian">✲</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+067E">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">پ</td>

            <td class="uname">U+067E</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER PEH</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Arabic">✲</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0686">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">چ</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0686</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER TCHEH</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Arabic">✲</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0698">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ژ</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0698</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER JEH</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Arabic">✲</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+069C">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ڜ</td>

            <td class="uname">U+069C</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER SEEN WITH THREE DOTS BELOW AND THREE DOTS ABOVE</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Arabic">✲</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Persian">✕</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+06A2">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ڢ</td>

            <td class="uname">U+06A2</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER FEH WITH DOT MOVED BELOW</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Arabic">✲</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Persian">✕</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+06A4">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ڤ</td>

            <td class="uname">U+06A4</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER VEH</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Arabic">✲</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Persian">✕</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+06A5">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ڥ</td>

            <td class="uname">U+06A5</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER FEH WITH THREE DOTS BELOW</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Arabic">✲</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Persian">✕</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+06A7">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ڧ</td>

            <td class="uname">U+06A7</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER QAF WITH DOT ABOVE</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Arabic">✲</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Persian">✕</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+06A8">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ڨ</td>

            <td class="uname">U+06A8</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER QAF WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Arabic">✲</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Persian">✕</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+06A9">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ک</td>

            <td class="uname">U+06A9</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER KEHEH</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Arabic">✲</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+06AF">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">گ</td>

            <td class="uname">U+06AF</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER GAF</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Arabic">✲</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+06CC">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">ی</td>

            <td class="uname">U+06CC</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Arabic">✲</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </section>


    <section id="h_character_tables_diacritics">
      <h3>Diacritics</h3>


      <table class="characters">
        <thead>
          <tr>
            <th class="charColumn">Character</th>

            <th class="ucsColumn">UCS</th>

            <th class="charnameColumn">Name</th>

            <th class="languageColumn">Ar</th>

            <th class="languageColumn">Fa</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>


        <tbody>
          <tr id="def_U+064B">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+064B.svg" alt=
            "ARABIC FATHATAN" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+064B</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC FATHATAN</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+064C">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+064C.svg" alt=
            "ARABIC DAMMATAN" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+064C</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC DAMMATAN</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+064D">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+064D.svg" alt=
            "ARABIC KASRATAN" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+064D</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC KASRATAN</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+064E">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+064E.svg" alt=
            "ARABIC FATHA" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+064E</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC FATHA</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Persian">✲</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+064F">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+064F.svg" alt=
            "ARABIC DAMMA" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+064F</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC DAMMA</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Persian">✲</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0650">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+0650.svg" alt=
            "ARABIC KASRA" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+0650</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC KASRA</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Persian">✲</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0651">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+0651.svg" alt=
            "ARABIC SHADDA" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+0651</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC SHADDA</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0652">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+0652.svg" alt=
            "ARABIC SUKUN" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+0652</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC SUKUN</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Persian">✲</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0653">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+0653.svg" alt=
            "ARABIC MADDAH ABOVE" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+0653</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC MADDAH ABOVE</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Persian">✲</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0654">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+0654.svg" alt=
            "ARABIC HAMZA ABOVE" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+0654</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC HAMZA ABOVE</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0655">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+0655.svg" alt=
            "ARABIC HAMZA BELOW" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+0655</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC HAMZA BELOW</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Persian">✲</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0670">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+0670.svg" alt=
            "ARABIC LETTER SUPERSCRIPT ALEF" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+0670</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC LETTER SUPERSCRIPT ALEF</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </section>


    <section id="h_character_tables_numeral_characters">
      <h3>Numeral characters</h3>


      <table class="characters">
        <thead>
          <tr>
            <th class="charColumn">Character</th>

            <th class="ucsColumn">UCS</th>

            <th class="charnameColumn">Name</th>

            <th class="languageColumn">Ar</th>

            <th class="languageColumn">Fa</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>


        <tbody>
          <tr id="def_U+0660">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">٠</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0660</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ZERO</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Persian">✕</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0661">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">١</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0661</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ONE</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Persian">✕</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0662">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">٢</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0662</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT TWO</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Persian">✕</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0663">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">٣</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0663</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT THREE</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Persian">✕</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0664">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">٤</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0664</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT FOUR</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Persian">✕</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0665">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">٥</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0665</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT FIVE</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Persian">✕</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0666">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">٦</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0666</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT SIX</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Persian">✕</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0667">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">٧</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0667</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT SEVEN</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Persian">✕</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0668">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">٨</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0668</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT EIGHT</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Persian">✕</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0669">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">٩</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0669</td>

            <td class="uname">ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT NINE</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Persian">✕</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+06F0">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">۰</td>

            <td class="uname">U+06F0</td>

            <td class="uname">EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ZERO</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+06F1">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">۱</td>

            <td class="uname">U+06F1</td>

            <td class="uname">EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ONE</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+06F2">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">۲</td>

            <td class="uname">U+06F2</td>

            <td class="uname">EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT TWO</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+06F3">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">۳</td>

            <td class="uname">U+06F3</td>

            <td class="uname">EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT THREE</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+06F4">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">۴</td>

            <td class="uname">U+06F4</td>

            <td class="uname">EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT FOUR</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+06F5">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">۵</td>

            <td class="uname">U+06F5</td>

            <td class="uname">EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT FIVE</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+06F6">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">۶</td>

            <td class="uname">U+06F6</td>

            <td class="uname">EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT SIX</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+06F7">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">۷</td>

            <td class="uname">U+06F7</td>

            <td class="uname">EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT SEVEN</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+06F8">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">۸</td>

            <td class="uname">U+06F8</td>

            <td class="uname">EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT EIGHT</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+06F9">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">۹</td>

            <td class="uname">U+06F9</td>

            <td class="uname">EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT NINE</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </section>


    <!-- oldid -->
    <span id="h_character_tables_punctuations_and_symbols"></span>
    <section id="h_character_tables_punctuation_and_symbols">
      <h3>Punctuation and symbols</h3>


      <table class="characters">
        <thead>
          <tr>
            <th class="charColumn">Character</th>

            <th class="ucsColumn">UCS</th>

            <th class="charnameColumn">Name</th>

            <th class="languageColumn">Ar</th>

            <th class="languageColumn">Fa</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>


        <tbody>
          <tr id="def_U+0020">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+0020.svg" alt="SPACE"
            class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+0020</td>

            <td class="uname">SPACE</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0021">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">!</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0021</td>

            <td class="uname">EXCLAMATION MARK</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0022">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">"</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0022</td>

            <td class="uname">QUOTATION MARK</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Persian">✕</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0027">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">'</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0027</td>

            <td class="uname">APOSTROPHE</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Persian">✕</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0028">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">(</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0028</td>

            <td class="uname">LEFT PARENTHESIS</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+0029">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">)</td>

            <td class="uname">U+0029</td>

            <td class="uname">RIGHT PARENTHESIS</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+002A">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">*</td>

            <td class="uname">U+002A</td>

            <td class="uname">ASTERISK</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+002B">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">+</td>

            <td class="uname">U+002B</td>

            <td class="uname">PLUS SIGN</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+002C">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">,</td>

            <td class="uname">U+002C</td>

            <td class="uname">COMMA</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+002D">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">-</td>

            <td class="uname">U+002D</td>

            <td class="uname">HYPHEN-MINUS</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+002E">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">.</td>

            <td class="uname">U+002E</td>

            <td class="uname">FULL STOP</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+002F">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">/</td>

            <td class="uname">U+002F</td>

            <td class="uname">SOLIDUS</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+003A">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">:</td>

            <td class="uname">U+003A</td>

            <td class="uname">COLON</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+003B">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">;</td>

            <td class="uname">U+003B</td>

            <td class="uname">SEMICOLON</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+003C">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">&lt;</td>

            <td class="uname">U+003C</td>

            <td class="uname">LESS-THAN SIGN</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+003D">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">=</td>

            <td class="uname">U+003D</td>

            <td class="uname">EQUALS SIGN</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+003E">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">&gt;</td>

            <td class="uname">U+003E</td>

            <td class="uname">GREATER-THAN SIGN</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+003F">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">?</td>

            <td class="uname">U+003F</td>

            <td class="uname">QUESTION MARK</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+005B">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar">[</td>

            <td class="uname">U+005B</td>

            <td class="uname">LEFT SQUARE BRACKET</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Arabic">✓</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </section>


    <section id="h_character_tables_control_characters">
      <h3>Control characters</h3>


      <table class="characters">
        <thead>
          <tr>
            <th class="charColumn">Character</th>

            <th class="ucsColumn">UCS</th>

            <th class="charnameColumn">Name</th>

            <th class="languageColumn">Ar</th>

            <th class="languageColumn">Fa</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>


        <tbody>
          <tr id="def_U+000A">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+000A.svg" alt=
            "&lt;control&gt;" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+000A</td>

            <td class="uname">&lt;control&gt;</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+000D">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+000D.svg" alt=
            "&lt;control&gt;" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+000D</td>

            <td class="uname">&lt;control&gt;</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+200C">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+200C.svg" alt=
            "ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+200C</td>

            <td class="uname">ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+200D">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+200D.svg" alt=
            "ZERO WIDTH JOINER" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+200D</td>

            <td class="uname">ZERO WIDTH JOINER</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+200E">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+200E.svg" alt=
            "LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+200E</td>

            <td class="uname">LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Arabic">✲</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Persian">✲</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+200F">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+200F.svg" alt=
            "RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+200F</td>

            <td class="uname">RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Arabic">✲</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Persian">✲</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+2028">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+2028.svg" alt=
            "LINE SEPARATOR" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+2028</td>

            <td class="uname">LINE SEPARATOR</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Persian">✲</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+2029">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+2029.svg" alt=
            "PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+2029</td>

            <td class="uname">PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Persian">✲</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+202A">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+202A.svg" alt=
            "LEFT-TO-RIGHT EMBEDDING" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+202A</td>

            <td class="uname">LEFT-TO-RIGHT EMBEDDING</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Persian">✲</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+202B">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+202B.svg" alt=
            "RIGHT-TO-LEFT EMBEDDING" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+202B</td>

            <td class="uname">RIGHT-TO-LEFT EMBEDDING</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Persian">✲</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+202C">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+202C.svg" alt=
            "POP DIRECTIONAL FORMATTING" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+202C</td>

            <td class="uname">POP DIRECTIONAL FORMATTING</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Persian">✲</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+202D">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+202D.svg" alt=
            "LEFT-TO-RIGHT OVERRIDE" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+202D</td>

            <td class="uname">LEFT-TO-RIGHT OVERRIDE</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Persian">✲</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+202E">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+202E.svg" alt=
            "RIGHT-TO-LEFT OVERRIDE" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+202E</td>

            <td class="uname">RIGHT-TO-LEFT OVERRIDE</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Persian">✲</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+2060">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+2060.svg" alt=
            "WORD JOINER" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+2060</td>

            <td class="uname">WORD JOINER</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+2066">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+2066.svg" alt=
            "LEFT-TO-RIGHT ISOLATE" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+2066</td>

            <td class="uname">LEFT-TO-RIGHT ISOLATE</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Persian">✲</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+2067">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+2067.svg" alt=
            "RIGHT-TO-LEFT ISOLATE" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+2067</td>

            <td class="uname">RIGHT-TO-LEFT ISOLATE</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Persian">✲</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+2068">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+2068.svg" alt=
            "FIRST STRONG ISOLATE" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+2068</td>

            <td class="uname">FIRST STRONG ISOLATE</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Persian">✲</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+2069">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+2069.svg" alt=
            "POP DIRECTIONAL ISOLATE" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+2069</td>

            <td class="uname">POP DIRECTIONAL ISOLATE</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkAuxiliary" title="Auxiliary for Persian">✲</td>
          </tr>


          <tr id="def_U+FEFF">
            <td class="rtlTermCell" dir="rtl" lang="ar"><img src="images/characters/U+FEFF.svg" alt=
            "ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE" class="charimage">
            </td>

            <td class="uname">U+FEFF</td>

            <td class="uname">ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkNo" title="Not used for Arabic">✕</td>

            <td class="langMark langMarkYes" title="Used for Persian">✓</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>


      <p>Unicode 6.3 introduced directional isolate characters to replace the more complicated
      directional embedding characters. These new characters are in the process of being supported
      in applications and their usage is encouraged over the old embedding characters. <span class=
      "uname">U+202A LEFT-TO-RIGHT EMBEDDING</span>, <span class="uname">U+202B RIGHT-TO-LEFT
      EMBEDDING</span>, <span class="uname">U+202C POP DIRECTIONAL FORMATTING</span>, <span class=
      "uname">U+202D LEFT-TO-RIGHT OVERRIDE</span>, <span class="uname">U+202E RIGHT-TO-LEFT
      OVERRIDE</span> are the old embedding characters and <span class="uname">U+2066 LEFT‑TO‑RIGHT
      ISOLATE</span>, <span class="uname">U+2067 RIGHT‑TO‑LEFT ISOLATE</span>, <span class=
      "uname">U+2068 FIRST STRONG ISOLATE</span>, and <span class="uname">U+2069 POP DIRECTIONAL
      ISOLATE</span> are the new isolate characters.</p>


      <p>Also, character <span class="uname">U+FEFF ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE</span> is deprecated
      and should be replaced with <span class="uname">U+2060 WORD JOINER</span>.</p>
    </section>
  </section>


  <section class="appendix" id="glossary">
    <h2>Glossary</h2>


    <table class="glossary">
      <thead>
        <tr>
          <th>Term</th>

          <th>Arabic</th>

          <th>Transliterated Arabic</th>

          <th>Persian</th>

          <th>Transliterated Persian</th>

          <th>Definition</th>
        </tr>
      </thead>


      <tbody>
        <tr id="def_abbreviation">
          <td>abbreviation</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">اِخْتِزَالْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ikhtizāl</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_alignment">
          <td>alignment</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مُحَاذَاةْ، تَرصِيف</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">muḥādhāt, tarṣīf</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">هم‌ترازی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">hmtrāzi</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_alphanumeric">
          <td>alphanumeric</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">أَبجَدِي عَدَدِي</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">abjadī ʻadadī</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">الفبایی عددی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">ālfbāiy addi</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_appendix">
          <td>appendix</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مُلحَق</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">mulḥaq</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">ضمیمه</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">zmimh</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_arabicnumerals">
          <td>arabic numerals</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">أَرْقَامْ عَرَبِيَّة، أَرْقَامْ أُورُوبِيَّة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">arqām ʻarabīyah, arqām ūrūbīyah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">ارقام عربی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">ārqām arbi</td>

          <td>Refer to "European numerals". Use "European numerals" or "ASCII numerals" to avoid
          confusion.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_ascender">
          <td>ascender</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">جُزْءُ الحَرْفِ العُلْوِي، الصَّاعِدْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">juz’u al-ḥarfi al-ʻulwī, al-ṣṣāʻid</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">خط صعود، کرسی بالا</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">xt s’ud, krsi bālā</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_asterisk">
          <td>asterisk</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">نَجْمَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">najmah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">ستاره</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">stārh</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_autospacing">
          <td>auto spacing</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَبَاعُدْ ذَاتِي، فَرَاغْ آلِي</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">tabāʻud dhātī, farāgh ālī</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">فاصله‌گذاری خودکار</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">fāslhɡzāri xudkār</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_backmargin">
          <td>back margin</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">الهَامِشْ الخَلْفِي</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-hāmish al-khalfī</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">حاشیهٔ داخلی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">hāšihٔ dāxli</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_backmatter">
          <td>back matter</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">بَيَانَاتْ نِهَايَةْ الكِتَابْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">bayānāt nihāyat al-kitāb</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">واحدهای پس از متن</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">uāhdhāy ps aoez mtn</td>

          <td>Appendices, supplements, glossary of terms, index and/or bibliography, and so on,
          appended at the end of a book.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_badbreak">
          <td>bad break</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">قَطْعْ سَيِّئْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">qaṭʻ sayyi’</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">شکستن بد، سطرشکنی بد</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">škstn bd, strškni bd</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_baseline">
          <td>baseline</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">خَطْ قَاعِدِي، خَطْ الاِرْتِكَازْ، سَطْرُ الأَسَاسْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">khaṭ qāʻidī, khaṭ al-irtikāz, satru al-’asās</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">خط کرسی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">xt krsi</td>

          <td>A virtual line on which almost all glyphs in Western fonts are designed to be
          aligned.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_bibliography">
          <td>bibliography</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">المَرَاجِعْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-marājiʻ</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">کتابنامه</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">ktābnāmh</td>

          <td>A list of works and papers related to the subjects in the text.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_blankpage">
          <td>blank page</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">صَفْحَة فَارِغَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ṣafḥah fārighah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">صفحهٔ خالی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">sfhhٔ xāli</td>

          <td>An empty page.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_bleed">
          <td>bleed</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">خَارِجْ إِطَارْ الصَّفْحَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">khārij iṭār al-ṣafḥah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">تصویرْ تا بُرِش</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">tsuyrْ tā boreš</td>

          <td>To print a picture or a tint to run off the edge of a trimmed page.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_blockdirection">
          <td>block direction</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">اِتِّجَاهْ المَقْطَعْ، اِتِّجَاهْ الكُتْلَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ittijāh al-maqṭaʻ, ittijāh al-kutlah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">جهت نوشتار</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">jht nuštār</td>

          <td>The progression direction of lines, one after the other.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_blockquotation">
          <td>block quotation</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">كُتْلَة اِقْتِبَاسْ، مُرَبَّعْ اِقْتِبَاسْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">kutlat iqtibās, murabbaʻ iqtibās</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">نقل‌قول&nbsp;پاراگرافی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">nqlqul pārāɡrāfi</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_bodytype">
          <td>body type</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">الخَطْ الرَّئِيسِي</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-khaṭ al-rra’īsī</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">حروف بدنه</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">hruf bdnh</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_bold">
          <td>bold</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">غَلِيظْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ghalīẓ</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">حرف سیاه</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">hrf siāh</td>

          <td>A kind of font style. Similar to bold in Western typography.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_boldface">
          <td>boldface</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">خَطْ غَلِيظْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">khaṭ ghalīẓ</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">حرف سیاه</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">hrf siāh</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_boundontheleft-handside">
          <td>bound on the left-hand side</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مُلْزِمَة عَلَى الجَانِبْ الأَيْسَرْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">mulzimah ʻalá al-jānib al-’aysar</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">صحافی چپ‌به‌راست</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">shāfi čpbhrāst</td>

          <td>Binding of a book to be opened from the left.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_boundontheright-handside">
          <td>bound on the right-hand side</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مُلْزِمَة عَلَى الجَانِبْ الأَيْمَنْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">mulzimah ʻalá al-jānib al-’ayman</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">صحافی راست‌به‌چپ</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">shāfi rāstbhčp</td>

          <td>Binding of a book to be opened from the right.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_boundingbox">
          <td>bounding box</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">المُرَبَّعْ المُحِيطْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-murabbaʻ al-muḥīṭ</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">کادر محیطی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">kādr mhiti</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_box">
          <td>box</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مُرَبَّعْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">murabbaʻ</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">کادر، جعبه</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">kādr, j’bh</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_braces">
          <td>braces</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">قَوْسَيْنْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">qawsayn</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">آکولاد</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">ākulād</td>

          <td>{ and }</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_brackets">
          <td>brackets</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">قوسين قَوْسَيْنْ مُرَبَّعَيْنْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">qawsayn murabbaʻayn</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">کروشه</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">krušh</td>

          <td>[ and ]</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_break(aline)">
          <td>break (a line)</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">فَصْلْ السَّطْرْ، قَطْعْ (سَطْرْ)</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">faṣl al-saṭr, qaṭʻ (saṭr)</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">شکستن (خط)، سطرشکنی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">škstn (xt), strškni</td>

          <td>To place the first of two adjacent characters at the end of a line and the second at
          the head of a new line.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_broadside">
          <td>broadside</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">وَرَقَة عَلَى صَفْحَة عَرِيضَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">waraqah ʻalá ṣafḥah ʻarīḍah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">یک‌رو</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">ikru</td>

          <td>In book typography, a sheet of paper printed as one page.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_bullet">
          <td>bullet</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">رَمْزْ نَقْطِي</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ramz naqṭī</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>centered dot</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_calligraphy">
          <td>calligraphy</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">فَنُّ الخَطِّ، الخَطُّ (فَنْ الخَطْ، الخَطْ)</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">fannu al-khaṭṭi, al-khaṭṭu (fan al-khaṭ,
          al-khaṭ)</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">خوشنویسی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">xušnuysi</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_caption">
          <td>caption</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَسْمِيَة، عُنْوَانْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">tasmīah, ʻunwān</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">عنوان، شرح</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">’nuān, šrh</td>

          <td>A title or a short description accompanying a picture, an illustration, or a
          table.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_cell">
          <td>cell</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">خَلِيَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">khalīah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">سلول</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">slul</td>

          <td>Each element area of tables, cell.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_cellcontents">
          <td>cell contents</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مُحْتَوَى الخَلِيَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">muḥtawá al-khalīah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">محتوای سلول</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">mhtuāy slul</td>

          <td>The content of each cell in tables.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_cellpadding">
          <td>cell padding</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">حَشْوْ الخَلِيَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ḥashw al-khalīah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>Spaces between line and cell in tables.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_centeredalignment">
          <td>centered alignment</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَوْسِيطْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">tawsīṭ</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">ترازبندی وسط‌چین</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">trāzbndi vstčin</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_centereddot">
          <td>centered dot</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">نُقْطَة مُوَسَّطَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">nuqṭah mūassaṭah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_centering">
          <td>centering</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَوْسِيطْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">tawsīṭ</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">وسط‌چین کردن</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">ustčin krdn</td>

          <td>To align the center of a run of text that is shorter than a given line length to the
          center of a line.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_chapter">
          <td>chapter</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">فَصْلْ، بَابْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">faṣl, bāb</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">فصل</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">fsl</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_character">
          <td>character</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">حَرْفْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ḥarf</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">حرف</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">hrf</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_charactercount">
          <td>character count</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">عَدَدْ الحُرُوفْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ʻadad al-ḥurūf</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">تعداد حروف</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">t’dād hruf</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_characterframe">
          <td>character frame</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">إِطَارْ الحَرْفْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">iṭār al-ḥarf</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>Rectangular area occupied by a character when it is set solid.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_characterset">
          <td>character set</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَجْمُوعَةْ حُرُوفْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">majmūʻat ḥurūf</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">مجموعهٔ حروف</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">mjmu’hٔ hruf</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_charactershape">
          <td>character shape</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">شَكْلُ الحَرْفْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">shaklu al-ḥarf</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">شکل حرف</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">škl hrf</td>

          <td>Incarnation of a character by handwriting, printing or rendering to a computer
          screen.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_charactersize">
          <td>character size</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">حَجْمُ الحَرْفْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ḥajmu al-ḥarf</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">اندازهٔ حرف</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">āndāzhٔ hrf</td>

          <td>Dimensions of a character. Unless otherwise noted, it refers to the size of a
          character frame in the block direction.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_closingbracket">
          <td>closing bracket</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">قَوْسْ إِغْلَاقْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">qaws ighlāq</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">کروشه بسته</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">kruše bsth</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_codepoint">
          <td>code point</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">نُقْطة تَرْمِيزْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">nuqṭat tarmīz</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_color">
          <td>color</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">لَوْنْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">lawn</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>Char­ac­ter­is­tics like dark­ness, con­trast, texture that give the an overall
          impression of how dense or heavy the text appears on the page.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_colon">
          <td>colon</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">نُقْطَتَيْنْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">nuqṭatayn</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">دونقطه</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">dunqth</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_column">
          <td>column</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">عَمُودْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ʻamūd</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">ستون</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">stun</td>

          <td>A partition on a page in multi-column format.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_columngap">
          <td>column gap</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَبَاعُدْ الأَعْمِدَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">tabāʻud al-’aʻmidah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">فاصلهٔ ستون</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">fāslhٔ stun</td>

          <td>Amount of space between columns on a page.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_columnspanning">
          <td>column spanning</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">عَبْرُ الأَعْمدَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ʻabr al-’aʻmidah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>A setting style of illustrations, tables, etc., over hanging to multiple
          columns.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_columnspanningheading">
          <td>column spanning heading</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">رَأْسْ عَبْرْ الأَعْمدَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ra’s ʻabr al-’aʻmidah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>Headings using multiple columns.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_comma">
          <td>comma</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">فَاصِلَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">fāṣilah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">ویرگول</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">uyrɡul</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_composition">
          <td>composition</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَرْكِيبْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">tarkīb</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">حروفچینی و صفحه‌بندی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">hrufčini v sfhhbndi</td>

          <td>Process of arrangement of text, figures and/or pictures, etc on a page in a desired
          layout (design) in preparation for printing.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_compoundword">
          <td>compound word</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">كَلِمَة مُرَكَّبَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">kalimah murakkabah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">کلمهٔ مرکب</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">klmhٔ mrkb</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_connection">
          <td>connection</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">وَصْلْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">waṣl</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_continuouspagination">
          <td>continuous pagination</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَرْقِيمْ الصَّفَحَاتْ المُسْتَمِرْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">tarqīm al-ṣṣafaḥāt al-mustamir</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">صفحه‌شماری پیوسته</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">sfhhšmāri pivsth</td>

          <td>a) To number the pages of a book continuously across all those in the front matter,
          the text and the back matter. b) To number the pages continuously across those of all
          books, such as a series published in separate volumes. Also to number the pages
          continuously across those of all issues of a periodical published in a year, aside from
          pagination per issue.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_controlcharacters">
          <td>control characters</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">حُرُوفْ تَحَكُّمْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ḥurūf taḥakkum</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">حروف کنترلی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">hruf kntrli</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_copy">
          <td>copy</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">نُسْخَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">nuskhah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">نسخه</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">nsxh</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_cover">
          <td>cover</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">غِلَافْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ghilāf</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">جلد</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">jld</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_cut-inheading">
          <td>cut-in heading</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>A style of headings. Headings do not occupy the full lines, but share lines area with
          following main text lines.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_dash">
          <td>dash</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">وَاصِلَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">wāṣilah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_dedication">
          <td>dedication</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">إِهْدَاءْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ihdā’</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">اهدائیه</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">āhdā’ih</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_descenderline">
          <td>descender line</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَا تَحْتَ السَّطْرْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">mā taḥta al-ssaṭr</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>A descender is the part of a letter extending below the base line, as in 'g', 'j',
          'p', 'q', or 'y'. A descender line is a virtual line drawn at the bottom of descender
          parallel to base line.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_diacriticalmarks">
          <td>diacritical marks</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">علامات التشكيل</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ʻalāmāt al-ttashkīl</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">اِعراب، نشانه‌های حروف</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">āe’rāb, nšānhhāy hruf</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_diagonalfraction">
          <td>diagonal fraction</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">جُزْءْ قُطْرِي</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">juz’ quṭrī</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_diagram">
          <td>diagram</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">رَسْمْ بَيَانِي، رَسْمْ تَخْطِيطِي</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">rasm bayānī, rasm takhṭīṭī</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">نمودار</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">nmudār</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_disconnection">
          <td>disconnection</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">فَصْلْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">faṣl</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_discretionaryhyphen">
          <td>discretionary hyphen</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">وَاصِلَة لَيِّنَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">wāṣilah layyinah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>See soft hyphen.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_display">
          <td>display</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">عَرْضْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ʻarḍ</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">نمایش</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">nmāyš</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_displaytype">
          <td>display type</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">نَوْعْ العَرْضْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">nawʻ al-ʻarḍ</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_document">
          <td>document</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">وَثِيقَة، مُسْتَنَدْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">wathīqah, mustanad</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">سند</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">snd</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_dpi">
          <td>dpi</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">نُقْطَة فِي البُوصَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">nuqṭah fī al-būṣah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">نقطه در اینچ</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">nqte dr ieynč</td>

          <td>Dots per inch (DPI, or dpi) is a measure of spatial printing.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_easternarabicnumerals">
          <td>eastern arabic numerals</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">الأَرقَامْ العَرَبِيَّة المَشْرِقِيَّة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-’arqām al-ʻarabīyah al-mashriqīyah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>٠ ١ ٢ ٣ ٤ ٥ ٦ ٧ ٨ ٩</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_ellipsis">
          <td>ellipsis</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">عَلَامَة القَطْع، القَطْعْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ʻalāmat al-qaṭʻ, al-qaṭʻ</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">سه‌نقطه</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">shnqth</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_Elongation">
          <td>Elongation</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">التَّطْوِيلْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-ttaṭwīl</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_EM">
          <td>EM</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">(وَحَدَةْ قِيَاسْ) إِمْ، وَحَدَةْ قِيَاسْ النُقْطَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">(waḥadah qīās) im, waḥadat qīās al-nuqṭah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">اِم، ضربه</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">āem, zrbh</td>

          <td>Unit in the field of typography, equal to the currently specified point size. A
          reference to the width of the capital "M"</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_emdash">
          <td>em dash</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">خَطْ فاصِلْ مِنْ حَجْمْ اِمْ، وَصْلَة طَوِيلَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">khaṭ fṣil min ḥajm im, waṣlah ṭawīlah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">خط</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">xt</td>

          <td>A wide dash, usually of size EM</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_emspace">
          <td>em space</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">فَرَاغْ مِنْ حَجْمْ اِمْ، فَرَاغْ طَوِيلْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">farāgh min ḥajm im, farāgh ṭawīl</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">فاصلهٔ اِم</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">fāslhٔ em</td>

          <td>A wide space, usually of size EM</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_EN">
          <td>EN</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">نصف وحدة قياس النقطة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">niṣf waḥadat qīās al-nuqṭah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">اِن</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">āen</td>

          <td>???</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_endash">
          <td>en dash</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">وَصْلَة مُتَوَسِّطَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">waṣlah mutawassiṭah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">خط اِن</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">xt en</td>

          <td>A not-so-wide dash, usually of size EN</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_enspace">
          <td>en space</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَسَافَة مُتَوَسِّطَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">masāfah mutawassiṭah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">فاصلهٔ اِن</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">fāslhٔ en</td>

          <td>A not-so-wide space, usually of size EN</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_encoding">
          <td>encoding</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَرْمِيزْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">tarmīz</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">کدنگاری</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">kdnɡāri</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_endnote">
          <td>endnote</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">التَّعْلِيقْ الخِتَامِي، حَاشِيَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-ttaʻlīq al-khitāmī, ḥāshīah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>A set of notes placed at the end of a part, chapter, section, paragraph and so on, or
          at the end of a book.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_epigraph">
          <td>epigraph</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">اِقْتِبَاسْ، مَقُولَة قَصِيرَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">iqtibās, maqūlah qaṣīrah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">سرلوحه</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">srluhh</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_Europeannumerals">
          <td>European numerals</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">أَرْقَامْ أُورُوبِيَّة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">arqām ūrūbīyah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">ارقام اروپایی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">ārqām aoerupāiy</td>

          <td>Any of the symbols in [0-9] used to represent numbers. Sometimes called Arabic
          numerals or ASCII numerals.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_exceptiondictionary">
          <td>exception dictionary</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">قَامُوسْ الإِسْتِثْنَاءَاتْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">qāmūs al-’istithnā’āt</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_exclamationmarks">
          <td>exclamation marks</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">عَلَامَاتْ التَّعَجُّبْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ʻalāmāt al-ttaʻajjub</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">علامت تعجب</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">’lāmt t’jb</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_figure">
          <td>figure</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">شَكْلْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">shakl</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">تصویر</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">tsuyr</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_first-lineindent">
          <td>first-line indent</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَسَافَة السَّطْرْ الأَوَّلْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">masāfat al-ssaṭr al-’awwal</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">تورفتگی خط اول</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">turftɡi xt uowl</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_fixed-width">
          <td>fixed-width</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">ثَابِتْ العَرْضْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">thābit al-ʻarḍ</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>A characteristic of a font where the same character advance is assigned for all
          glyphs.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_flushleftalignment">
          <td>flush left alignment</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مُحَاذَاة إِلَى اليَمِينْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">muḥādhāt ilá al-yamīn</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_flushrightalignment">
          <td>flush right alignment</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مُحَاذَاة إِلَى اليَسَارْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">muḥādhāt ilá al-yasār</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_folio">
          <td>folio</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">وَرَقَة، صَفْحَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">waraqah, ṣafḥah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">شمارهٔ صفحه</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">šmārhٔ sfhh</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_font">
          <td>font</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">الخَطْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-khaṭ</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">فونت، قلم</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">funt, qlm</td>

          <td>A set of character glyphs of a given typeface.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_fontfamily/typefacefamily">
          <td>font family/typeface family</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">أُسْرَة مِحْرَفْ، أُسْرَة خُطُوطْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">usrat miḥraf, usrat khuṭūṭ</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">خانوادهٔ فونت</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">xānuādhٔ funt</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_fontmetrics">
          <td>font metrics</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَقَايِيسْ الخَطْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">maqāyīs al-khaṭ</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_foot">
          <td>foot</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَذْيِيلْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">tadhyīl</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">پایه</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">pāyh</td>

          <td>a) The bottom part of a book or a page. b) The bottom margin between the edge of a
          trimmed page and the hanmen (text area)</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_foot/bottommargin">
          <td>foot/bottom margin</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">الهاَمِشْ الأَسْفَلْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-hamish al-’asfal</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">حاشیهٔ پایینی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">hāšihٔ pāiyni</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_footer">
          <td>footer</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَذْيِيلْ الصَّفْحَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">tadhyīl al-ṣṣafḥah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">پاصفحه</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">pāsfhh</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_footnote">
          <td>footnote</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">حَاشِيَة سَفْلِيَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ḥāshīah saflīyah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">پانویس</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">pānuys</td>

          <td>A note in a smaller face than that of main text, placed at the bottom of a page.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_fore-edge">
          <td>fore-edge</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">الحَافة العَمودِيَّة الخَارِجِيَّة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-ḥāfh al-ʻamwdīyah al-khārijīyah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">حاشیهٔ بیرونی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">hāšihٔ biruni</td>

          <td>a) The three front trimmed edges of pages in a book. b) The opposite sides of the
          gutter in a book.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_format">
          <td>format</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تنْسِيقْ، هَيْئَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">tansīq, hay’ah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">شکل‌بندی، شکل</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">šklbndi, škl</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_fraction">
          <td>fraction</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">كَسْرْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">Kasr</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_frontmatter">
          <td>front matter</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">المَادَّة الأَمَامِيَّة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-māddah al-’amāmīyah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">واحدهای پیش از متن</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">uāhdhāy piš aoez mtn</td>

          <td>The first part of a book followed by the text, usually consisting of a forward,
          preface, table of contents, list of illustrations, acknowledgement and so on.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_full-width">
          <td>full-width</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَامْ العَرْضْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">tām al-ʻarḍ</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>a) Relative index for the length which is equal to a given character size. b)
          Character frame which character advance is equal to the amount referred to as a). A
          full-width character frame is square in shape by definition.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_glyph">
          <td>glyph</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">صُورَةْ الرَّمْزْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ṣūrah al-rramz</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_goldenrectangle">
          <td>golden rectangle</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">مستطیل طلایی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">msttil tlāiy</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_goldensection">
          <td>golden section</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">بخش طلایی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">bxš tlāiy</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_Greekletters">
          <td>Greek letters</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">حُرُوفْ يُونَانِيَّة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ḥurūf yūnānīyah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">حروف یونانی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">hruf yvnāni</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_gridalignment">
          <td>grid alignment</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">هم‌ترازی شطرنجی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">hmtrāzi štrnji</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_gutter">
          <td>gutter</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">حَاشِیَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ḥāshīah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">حاشیه</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">hāših</td>

          <td>a) The binding side of a spread of a book. b) the margin between the binding edge of
          a book and the hanmen (text area). c) The part of a book where all pages are bound
          together to the book spine.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_halfem">
          <td>half em</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">نِصْفْ اِمْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">niṣf im</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">نیم اِم</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">nim em</td>

          <td>Half of the full-width size.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_halfemspace">
          <td>half em space</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">فَرَاغْ نِصْفْ اِمْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">farāgh niṣf im</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">فاصلهٔ نیم اِم</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">fāslhٔ nim em</td>

          <td>Amount of space that is half size of em space.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_hangline">
          <td>hang line</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">سَطْرْ مُعَلَّقْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">saṭr muʻallaq</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_hangingindentation">
          <td>hanging indentation</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تعليق المسافة البادئة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_hangingpunctuation">
          <td>hanging punctuation</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تعليق علامات الترقيم</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_harakat">
          <td>harakat</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">حَرَكَاتْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ḥarakāt</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>Tashkil marks representing short vowel sounds.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_head">
          <td>head</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">رَأْسْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ra’s</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">سَر</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">sar</td>

          <td>a) The top part of a book or a page. b) The top margin between the top edge of a
          trimmed page and the hanmen (text area)</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_head/topmargin">
          <td>head/top margin</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">هَامِشْ عُلْوِي</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">hāmish ʻulwī</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">حاشیهٔ بالا</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">hāšihٔ bālā</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_header">
          <td>header</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">رَأْسْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ra’s</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">سرصفحه</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">srsfhh</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_heading">
          <td>heading</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">عُنْوَانْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ʻunwān</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">عنوان</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">’nuān</td>

          <td>a) A title of a paper or an article. b) A title for each section of a book, paper or
          article.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_headline">
          <td>headline</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">عُنْوَانْ رَئِيسِي</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ʻunwān ra’īsī</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_headnote">
          <td>headnote</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَقْدِمَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">taqdimah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>A kind of notes in vertical writing style, head area in kihon-hanmen is kept
          beforehand, and notes are set with smaller size font than main text.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_hierarchy">
          <td>hierarchy</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تسلسل هرمي، ترتيب هرمي</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">سلسله‌مراتب</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">slslhmrātb</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_horizontalwritingmode">
          <td>horizontal writing mode</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">صِيغَة الكِتَابَة الأُفُقِيَّة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ṣīghat al-kitābah al-’ufuqīyah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">حالت نوشتار افقی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">hālt nuštār aoefqi</td>

          <td>The process or the result of arranging characters on a line from left to right, of
          lines on a page from top to bottom, and/or of columns on a page from left to right.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_hyphen">
          <td>hyphen</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">وَاصِلَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">wāṣilah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">نیمخط</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">nimxt</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_hyphenation">
          <td>hyphenation</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">اِسْتِخْدَامْ الوَاصِلَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">istikhdām al-wāṣilah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>A method of breaking a line by dividing a Western word at the end of a line and
          adding a hyphen at the end of the first half of the syllable.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_hyphenationandjustification">
          <td>hyphenation and justification</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">الوَاصِلَة وَالمُحَاذَاةْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-wāṣilah wālmuḥādhāt</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>Also abbreviated as H&amp;J</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_hyphenationroutine">
          <td>hyphenation routine</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">إِجْرَاءْ الوَاصِلَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ijrā’ al-wāṣilah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_ihmal">
          <td>ihmal</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">إِهْمَالْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ihmāl</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>See tashkil</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_ijam">
          <td>ijam</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">إِعْجَامْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">iʻjām</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>Diacritical marks applied to a basic letter shape (or skeleton) to derive a new
          letter. For example a dot under a "curve" to get the letter Beh. In Unicode each letter
          plus ijam combination is encoded as a separate, atomic character.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_illustrations">
          <td>illustrations</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">رَسْمْ تَوْضِيحِي، صُورَة إِيضَاحِيَّة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">rasm tawḍīḥī, ṣūrahīḍāḥīyah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">تصویر</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">tsuyr</td>

          <td>A general term referring to a diagram, chart, cut, figure, picture and the like, to
          be used for printed materials.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_indentation">
          <td>indentation</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">إِزَاحَة، مَسَافَة بَادِئَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">izāḥah, masāfah bādi’ah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">فاصلهٔ سرِ سطر، تورفتگی سرِ سطر</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">fāslhٔ sre str, turftɡi sre str</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_independentpagination">
          <td>independent pagination</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَرْقِيمْ الصَّفَحَاتْ مُسْتَقِلْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">tarqīm al-ṣṣafaḥāt mustaqil</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">صفحه‌بندی مستقل</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">sfhhbndi mstql</td>

          <td>To number the pages of the front matter, the text and the back matter
          independently.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_index">
          <td>index</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">فِهْرِسْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">fihris</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">فهرست راهنما</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">fhrst rāhnmā</td>

          <td>A list of terms or subjects with page numbers for where they are referred to in a
          single or multiple volumes of a book.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_initial">
          <td>initial</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">أَوَّلِي</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">awwalī</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">آغازین</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">āqāzin</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_inlinedirection">
          <td>inline direction</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">الاِتِّجَاهْ السَّطْرِي</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-ittijāh al-ssaṭrī</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>Text direction in a line.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_input">
          <td>input</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">إِدْخَالْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">idkhāl</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">ورودی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">urudi</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_inseparablecharactersrule">
          <td>inseparable characters rule</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">قَاعِدَة مَحَارِفْ لَا تَنْفَصِلْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">qāʻidat maḥārif lā tanfaṣil</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>A line adjustment rule that prohibits inserting any space between specific
          combinations of characters.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_interpunct">
          <td>interpunct</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_italics">
          <td>italics</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَائِلْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">mā’il</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">ایتالیک</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">āytālik</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_itemization">
          <td>itemization</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">وَضْعْ بُنُودْ، تَبْوِيبْ، عَنَاصِرْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">waḍʻ bunūd, tabwīb, ʻanāṣir</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>To list ordered or unordered items one under the other.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_justifiedalignment">
          <td>justified alignment</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مُحَاذَاةْ مَضْبُوطَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">muḥādhāt maḍbūṭah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">هم‌ترازی میزان</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">hmtrāzi mizān</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_kashida">
          <td>kashida</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">الْكَشِيدَة، التَّطْوِيلْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-kashīdah, al-ttaṭwīl</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">کشیده</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">kšidh</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_labelname">
          <td>label name</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">اِسْمْ بِطَاقَةْ العَنْوَنَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ism biṭāqat al-ʻanwanah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>Text following or followed by numbers for illustrations, tables, headings and running
          headings.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_Latinletters">
          <td>Latin letters</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">حُرُوف لَاتِينِيَّة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ḥurūf lātīnīyah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">حروف لاتین</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">hruf lātin</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_layout">
          <td>layout</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">نَسْقْ، تَصْمِيمْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">nasq, taṣmīm</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">قالب‌بندی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">qālbbndi</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_leading">
          <td>leading</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">قِيَادِي</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">qīādī</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_letterface">
          <td>letter face</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">صُورَةْ الحَرْفْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ṣūrat al-ḥarf</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>Area in which glyph is drawn.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_lettering">
          <td>lettering</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَرْقِينْ، كِتَابَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">tarqīn, kitābah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">طراحی حروف</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">trāhi hruf</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_letterpressprinting">
          <td>letterpress printing</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">طِبَاعَةْ الحُرُوفْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ṭibāʻat al-ḥurūf</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">چاپ برجسته</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">čāp brjsth</td>

          <td>The traditional printing method using movable type.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_letterspacing">
          <td>letterspacing</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَبَاعُدْ الحُرُوفْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">tabāʻud al-ḥurūf</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">فاصلهٔ حروف</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">fāslhٔ hruf</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_ligature">
          <td>ligature</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">رَبْطْ بَيْنَ الحُرُوفْ، تَرْكِيبْ، حَرْفْ مُرَكَّبْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">rabṭ bayna al-ḥurūf, tarkīb, ḥarf murakkab</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_line">
          <td>line</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">سَطْرْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">saṭr</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">خط</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">xt</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_lineadjustment">
          <td>line adjustment</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مُحَاذَاةْ السَّطْرْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">muḥādhāt al-ssaṭr</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">تنظیم خط</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">tnzim xt</td>

          <td>A method of aligning both edges of all lines to be the same given length by removing
          or adding adjustable spaces.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_lineadjustmentbyhangingpunctuation">
          <td>line adjustment by hanging punctuation</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مُحَاذَاة السَّطْرْ بِتَعْلِيقْ عَلَامَاتْ التَّرْقِيمْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">muḥādhāt al-ssaṭr bitaʻlīq ʻalāmāt al-ttarqīm</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>A line breaking rule to avoid commas or full stops at a line head (which is
          prohibited in Japanese typography) by taking them back to the end of the previous line
          beyond the specified line length.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_lineadjustmentbyinter-characterspaceexpansion">
          <td>line adjustment by inter-character space expansion</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مُحَاذَاة السَّطْرْ بِتَوسِيع الفَرَاغْ بَيْنَ المَحَارِفْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">muḥādhāt al-ssaṭr bitawsīʻ al-farāgh bayna
          al-maḥārif</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>A line breaking rule that aligns both edges of a line by expanding inter-character
          spaces. .</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_linebreakingrules">
          <td>line breaking rules</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">قَوَاعِد كَسْرْ السَّطْرْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">qawāʻid kasr al-ssaṭr</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>A set of rules to avoid prohibited layout in Japanese typography, such as "line-start
          prohibition rule", "line-end prohibition rule", inseparable or unbreakable character
          sequences and so on.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_lineend">
          <td>line end</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">نِهَايَة السَّطْرْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">nihāyat al-ssaṭr</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">انتهای خط</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">ānthāy xt</td>

          <td>The position at which a line ends.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_lineendalignment">
          <td>line end alignment</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مُحَاذَاة نِهَايَة السَّطْرْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">muḥādhāt nihāyat al-ssaṭr</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">هم‌ترازی انتهای خط</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">hmtrāzi aoenthāy xt</td>

          <td>To align a run of text to the line end.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_lineendindent">
          <td>line end indent</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَسَافَة بَدْئْ نِهَايَة السَّطْرْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">masāfat bad’ nihāyat al-ssaṭr</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">تورفتگی انتهای خط</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">turftɡi aoenthāy xt</td>

          <td>To reserve a certain amount of space before the default position of a line end.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_linefeed">
          <td>line feed</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَغْذِيَة السَّطْرْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">taghdhīat al-ssaṭr</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>The distance between two adjacent lines measured by their reference points.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_linegap">
          <td>line gap</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">فَجْوَة السَّطْرْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">fajwat al-ssaṭr</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">فاصلهٔ بین خطوط</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">fāslhٔ bin xtut</td>

          <td>The smallest amount of space between adjacent lines.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_linehead">
          <td>line head</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">رَأْسْ السَّطْرْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ra’s al-ssaṭr</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">سرِ سطر</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">sre str</td>

          <td>The position at which a line starts.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_lineheadalignment">
          <td>line head alignment</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مُحَاذَاة رَأْسْ السَّطْرْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">muḥādhāt ra’s al-ssaṭr</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">هم‌ترازیِ سر سطر</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">hmtrāzie sr str</td>

          <td>To align a run of text to the line head.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_lineheadindent">
          <td>line head indent</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَسَافَة بَدْئْ رَأْسْ السَّطْرْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">masāfat bad’ ra’s al-ssaṭr</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">فاصلهٔ سر سطر، تو رفتگی سر سطر</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">fāslhٔ sr str, tu rftɡi sr str</td>

          <td>To reserve a certain amount of space after the default position of a line head.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_lineheight">
          <td>line height</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">اِرْتِفَاعْ الخَطْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">irtifāʻ al-khaṭ</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">ارتفاع خط</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">ārtfā’ xt</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_linelength">
          <td>line length</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">طُولُ السَطْرْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ṭūlu al-saṭr</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">طول خط</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">tul xt</td>

          <td>Length of a line with a pre-defined number of characters. When the line is indented
          at the line head or the line end, it is length of the line from the specified amount of
          line head indent to the specified amount of line end indent.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_linespacing">
          <td>line spacing</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَبَاعُدْ الأَسْطُرْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">tabāʻud al-’asṭur</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_line-endprohibitionrule">
          <td>line-end prohibition rule</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">قَاعِدَة حَظْرْ نِهَايَة السَّطْرْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">qāʻidat ḥaẓr nihāyat al-ssaṭr</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>A line breaking rule that prohibits specific characters at a line end.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_line-startprohibitionrule">
          <td>line-start prohibition rule</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">قَاعِدَة حَظْرْ بِدَايَة السَّطْرْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">qāʻidat ḥaẓr bidāyat al-ssaṭr</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>A line breaking rule that prohibits specific characters at a line head.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_list">
          <td>list</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">قَائِمَة، لَائِحَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">qā’imah, lā’iḥah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">فهرست</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">fhrst</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_longdash">
          <td>long dash</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">شَرْطَة طَوِيلَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">sharṭah ṭawīlah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_mabsut">
          <td>mabsut</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَبْسُوطْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">mabsūṭ</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>Kind of writing style that tends to rigidity and firmness with pronounced
          angularity.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_maintext">
          <td>main text</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">نَصْ رَئِيسِي</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">naṣ ra’īsī</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">متن اصلی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">mtn aoesli</td>

          <td>a) The principal part of a book, usually preceded by the front matter, followed by
          the back matter. b) The principal part of an article excluding figures, tables, heading,
          notes, leads and so on. c) The content of a page excluding running heads and page
          numbers. d) The net contents of a book excluding covers, end papers, insets and so
          on.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_margin">
          <td>margin</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">هَامِشْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">hāmish</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">حاشیه</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">hāših</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_measure">
          <td>measure</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">قِيَاسْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">qīās</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">مقیاس، اندازه</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">mqiās, aoendāzh</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_measurement">
          <td>measurement</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">قِيَاسْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">qīās</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">اندازه‌گیری</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">āndāzhɡiri</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_mixedtextcomposition">
          <td>mixed text composition</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَرْكِيبَة النَّصْ المُخْتَلِطْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">tarkībah al-nnaṣ al-mukhtaliṭ</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>a) To interleave Japanese text with Western text in a line (Japanese and Western
          mixed text composition). b) To compose text with different sizes of characters (mixed
          size composition). c) To compose text with different typefaces (mixed typeface
          composition).</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_mixingtypefaces">
          <td>mixing typefaces</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">خَلْطْ أنْمَاطْ الخُطُوطْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">khalṭ anmāṭ al-khuṭūṭ</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">ترکیب قلم‌ها</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">trkib qlmhā</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_modulargrid">
          <td>modular grid</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">شَبَكَة وَحَدَاتْ، شَبَكَة مُرَكَّبَة مِنْ وَحَدَاتْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">shabakah waḥadāt, shabakah murakkabat min
          waḥadāt</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">شطرنجی مُدولی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">štrnji moduli</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_multi-columnformat">
          <td>multi-column format</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَنْسِيقْ مُتَعَدِّدْ الأَعْمِدَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">tansīq mutaʻaddid al-’aʻmidah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">شکل‌بندی چندستونی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">šklbndi čndstuni</td>

          <td>A format of text on a page where text is divided into two or more sections (columns)
          in the inline direction and each column is separated by a certain amount of space (column
          space).</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_multi-columngrid">
          <td>multi-column grid</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">شَبَكَة مُتَعَدِّدَة الأَعْمِدَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">shabakah mutaʻaddidat al-’aʻmidah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">شطرنجی چندستونی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">štrnji čndstuni</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_multivolumework">
          <td>multivolume work</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">عَمَلْ مُتَعَدِّدْ الأَجْزاءْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ʻamal mutaʻaddid al-’ajz’</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">اثر چند جلدی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">āsr čnd jldi</td>

          <td>A set of work published in two or more volumes, as in the complete work or the
          first/last half volumes.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_mukawwar">
          <td>mukawwar</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مُكَوَّرْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">mukawwar</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>Kind of writing style, generally opposed to mabsut, that is more flexible and
          rounded.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_newcolumn">
          <td>new column</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">عَمُودْ جَدِيدْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ʻamūd jadīd</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">ستون جدید</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">stun jdid</td>

          <td>In multi-column setting, to change to new column before the end of current
          column.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_newrecto">
          <td>new recto</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">صَفْحَة يُمْنَى جَدِيدَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ṣafḥah yumná jadīdah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">آغاز در صفحهٔ فرد</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">āqāz dr sfhhٔ frd</td>

          <td>To start a new heading or something on a odd page.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_no-breaktext">
          <td>no-break text</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">عَدَمْ تَفَكُّكْ النَّصْ، نَصْ دُونَ اِنْفِكَاكْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ʻadam tafakkuk al-nnaṣ, naṣ dūna infikāk</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_nonbreakinghyphen">
          <td>nonbreaking hyphen</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">وَاصِلَة غَيْرْ قَاسِمَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">wāṣilah ghayr qāsimah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_nonbreakingwordspace">
          <td>nonbreaking word space</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">فَضَاءْ كَلِمَة غَيْرْ قَاسِمْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">faḍā’ kalimah ghayr qāsim</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_note">
          <td>note</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مُلَاحَظَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">mulāḥaẓah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">یادداشت</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">iāddāšt</td>

          <td>Explanatory information added to terms, figures or tables.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_numberofcharactersperline">
          <td>number of characters per line</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">عَدَدْ الأَحْرُف فِي كُلِّ سَطْرْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ʻadad al-’aḥruf fī kulli saṭr</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">تعداد حروف در خط</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">t’dād hruf dr xt</td>

          <td>Number of characters in a line to specify the length of lines.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_numberofcolumns">
          <td>number of columns</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">عَدَدْ الأَعْمِدَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ʻadad al-’aʻmidah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">تعداد ستون‌ها</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">t’dād stunhā</td>

          <td>Number of columns on a page.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_numerals">
          <td>numerals</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">الأَعْدَادْ، الأَرْقَامْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-’aʻdād, al-’arqām</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">اعداد</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">ā’dād</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_oneemspace">
          <td>one em space</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَسَافَة اِمْ وَاحِدَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">masāfat im wāḥidah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">فاصلهٔ اِم</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">fāslhٔ em</td>

          <td>Amount of space that is full-width size.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_onethirdem">
          <td>one third em</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">ثُلُثْ اِمْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">thuluth im</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">یک‌سوم اِم</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">iksum em</td>

          <td>One third of the full-width size.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_onethirdemspace">
          <td>one third em space</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَسَافَة ثُلُثْ اِمْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">masāfat thuluth im</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">فاصلهٔ یک‌سوم اِم</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">fāslhٔ yksum em</td>

          <td>Amount of space that is one third size of em space.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_openingbrackets">
          <td>opening brackets</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">فَتْحْ قَوْسَيْنْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">fatḥ qawsayn</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">کروشه باز</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">kruše bāz</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_opticalsize">
          <td>optical size</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">حَجْمْ بَصَرِي</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ḥajm baṣarī</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_opticalspacing">
          <td>optical spacing</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَبَاعُدْ بَصَرِي</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">tabāʻud baṣarī</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_orientation">
          <td>orientation</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَوَجُّهْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">tawajjuh</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">جهت</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">jht</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_ornament">
          <td>ornament</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">زَخْرَفَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">zakhrafah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">تزئینی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">tz’ini</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_outdent">
          <td>outdent</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">إِلْغَاءْ التَّأخِيرْ، إِلْغَاءْ الإِزَاحَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ilghā’ al-tta’khīr, ilghā’ al-’izāḥah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_overhang">
          <td>overhang</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">عبء</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ʻib’</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_overrun">
          <td>overrun</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَجَاوُزْ، اِجْتِيَاحْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">tajāwuz, ijtīāḥ</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_page">
          <td>page</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">صَفْحَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ṣafḥah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">صفحه</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">sfhh</td>

          <td>A side of a sheet of paper in a written work such as a book.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_pagebreak">
          <td>page break</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">فَاصِلْ صَفْحَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">fāṣil ṣafḥah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>To end a page even if it is not full and to start a new page with the next paragraph,
          a new heading and so on.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_pageformat">
          <td>page format</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">شَكْلْ الصَّفْحَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">shakl al-ṣṣafḥah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">شکل‌بندی صفحه</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">šklbndi sfhh</td>

          <td>The layout and presentation of a page with text, graphics and other elements for a
          publication such as a book.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_pagenumber">
          <td>page number</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">رَقْمْ الصَّفْحَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">raqm al-ṣṣafḥah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">شمارهٔ صفحه</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">šmārhٔ sfhh</td>

          <td>A sequential number to indicate the order of pages in a publication.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_pagination">
          <td>pagination</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَرْقِيمْ الصَّفَحَاتْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">tarqīm al-ṣṣafaḥāt</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">صفحه‌شماری</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">sfhhšmāri</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_paragraph">
          <td>paragraph</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">فَقْرَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">faqrah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">پاراگراف</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">pārāɡrāf</td>

          <td>A group of sentences to be processed for line composition. A paragraph consists of
          one or more lines.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_paragraphbreak">
          <td>paragraph break</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">اِنْقِطَاعْ الفَقْرَة، كَسْرْ الفَقْرَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">inqiṭāʻ al-faqrah, kasr al-faqrah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">شکستن پاراگراف</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">škstn pārāɡrāf</td>

          <td>To start a new line to indicate a new paragraph.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_paragraphformat">
          <td>paragraph format</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَنْسِيقْ الفَقْرَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">tansīq al-faqrah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">شکل‌بندی پاراگراف</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">šklbndi pārāɡrāf</td>

          <td>A format of a paragraph, as in line head indent or line end indent.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_paragraphindent">
          <td>paragraph indent</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">هَامِشْ الفَقْرَة، المَسَافَة البَادِئَة لِلْفَقْرَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">hāmish al-faqrah, al-masāfah al-bādi’ah
          lilfaqrah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">تورفتگی پاراگراف</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">turftɡi pārāɡrāf</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_parenthesis">
          <td>parenthesis</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">أَقْوَاسْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">aqwās</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">پرانتز</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">prāntz</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_period">
          <td>period</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">نُقْطَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">nuqṭah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">نقطه</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">nqth</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_pixel">
          <td>pixel</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">بكسل، بيكسل</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">biksl, bīksil</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">پیکسل</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">piksl</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_point">
          <td>point</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">نُقْطَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">nuqṭah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">نقطه</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">nqth</td>

          <td>A measurement unit of character size. 1 point is equal to 0.3514mm (see JIS Z 8305).
          There is another unit to measure character sizes called Q, where 1Q is equivalent to
          0.25mm.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_polyglot">
          <td>polyglot</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مُتَعَدِّدْ اللُغَاتْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">mutaʻaddid al-lughāt</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_printingtypes">
          <td>printing types</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">أَنْوَاعْ الطِّبَاعَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">anwāʻ al-ṭṭibāʻah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>Movable type used for letterpress printing.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_proportional">
          <td>proportional</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مُتَنَاسِبٌ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">mutanāsibun</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>A characteristic of a font where character advance is different per glyph.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_proportionalfonts">
          <td>proportional fonts</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">الخُطُوطْ المُتَنَاسِبَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-khuṭūṭ al-mutanāsibah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_punctuationmarks">
          <td>punctuation marks</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">عَلَامَاتْ التَّرْقِيمْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ʻalāmāt al-ttarqīm</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>A general term referring to the symbols used in text composition to help make the
          meaning of text clearer, as in commas, full stops, question marks, brackets, diereses and
          so on.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_quad">
          <td>quad</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">رُبَاعِيَّة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">rubāʻīyah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_quarterem">
          <td>quarter em</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">رُبْعْ اِمْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">rubʻ im</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">رُبع اِم</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">rob’ em</td>

          <td>Quarter size of full-width.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_quarteremspace">
          <td>quarter em space</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَسَافَة رُبْعْ اِمْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">masāfat rubʻ im</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">فاصلهٔ رُبع اِم</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">fāslhٔ rob’ em</td>

          <td>Amount of space that is a quarter of an em space in size.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_quarteremwidth">
          <td>quarter em width</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">عُرْضْ رُبْعْ اِمْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ʻurḍ rubʻ im</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">پهنای رُبع اِم</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">phnāy rob’ em</td>

          <td>Character frame which has a character advance of a quarter em.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_questionmark">
          <td>question mark</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">عَلَامَة اِسْتِفْهَامْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ʻalāmat istifhām</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">علامت سوال</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">’lāmt suāl</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_quotation">
          <td>quotation</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">اِقْتِبَاسْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">iqtibās</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>Excerps from other published works.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_rag">
          <td>rag</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">خَرَقَة؟</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">kharaqah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_referencemarks">
          <td>reference marks</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">العَلَامَاتْ المَرْجِعِيَّة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-ʻalāmāt al-marjiʻīyah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>A symbol or short run of text attached to a specific part of text, to which notes are
          provided followed by the corresponding marks.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_referencenumber">
          <td>reference number</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">الرَّقْمْ المَرْجِعِي</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-rraqm al-marjiʻī</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_reversepagination">
          <td>reverse pagination</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَرْقِيمْ الصَّفَحَاتْ عَكْسِي</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">tarqīm al-ṣṣafaḥāt ʻaksī</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>Numbering pages of a book backwards.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_reversedtype">
          <td>reversed type</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">نَوْعٌ عَكْسْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">nawʻun ʻaks</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_river">
          <td>river</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">نَهْرْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">nahr</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>Optical path of white space that sometimes occurs when word spaces in successive
          lines of type occur immediately below each other and continue for several lines.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_riverofwhite">
          <td>river of white</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_Romannumerals">
          <td>Roman numerals</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">الأَرْقَامْ الرُّومَانِيَّة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-’arqām al-rrūmānīyah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">اعداد رومی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">ā’dād rumi</td>

          <td>Numerals represented by upper case or lower case of Latin letters.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_romanization">
          <td>romanization</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">الكِتَابَة بِالحُرُوفِ اللَاتِينِيَّة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-kitābah bilḥurūfi al-lātīnīyah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">لاتین‌نویسی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">lātinnuysi</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_rule">
          <td>rule</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">قَاعِدَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">qāʻidah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_runback">
          <td>run back</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تشغيل مرة أخرى</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_titlemark">
          <td>title mark</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">عَلَامَةْ عُنْوَانْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ʻalāmat ʻunwān</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_rundown">
          <td>run down</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">الخُطوُطْ العَرِيضَة لِلْمُحْتَوَيَاتْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-khuṭwuṭ al-ʻarīḍah lilmuḥtawayāt</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>In video production, an outline of the contents of a program,</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_runin">
          <td>run in</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">فِي نَفْسِ الخَطْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">fī nafsi al-khaṭ</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>In typography, any copy—specifically a head—designed to be set in the same line as
          the text.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_run-inheading">
          <td>run-in heading</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">عُنْوَانْ بِدُونِ اِنْقِطَاعْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ʻunwān bidūni inqiṭāʻ</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>A kind of heading style to continue main text just after the heading without line
          break.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_runaround">
          <td>runaround</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">فَرَاغْ نَائِبْ عَنْ صُورَة إِيضَاحِيَّة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">farāgh nā’ib ʻan ṣūrah īḍāḥīyah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>In typography, copy typeset so that it will create a "hole" on the page to fit an
          illustration</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_runningfeet">
          <td>running feet</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">عُنْوَانْ فِي الجُزْءِ السَّفْلِي مِنْ صَفَحَاتْ
          مُتَتَالِيَّة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ʻunwān fī al-juz’i al-ssaflī min ṣafaḥāt
          mutatālīyah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>A "heading"—such as a book title, chapter title, or author—that is located at the
          bottom of consecutive page</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_runningheads">
          <td>running heads</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">عُنْوَانْ فِي الجُزْءِ العُلْوِي مِنْ صَفَحَاتْ
          مُتَتَالِيَّة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ʻunwān fī al-juz’i al-ʻulwī min ṣafaḥāt
          mutatālīyah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>A heading—such as a book title, chapter title, or author—that is located at the top
          of consecutive pages,</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_runover">
          <td>runover</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَشْغِيلْ أَكْثَرْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">tashghīlakthar</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_scale">
          <td>scale</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مِقْيَاسْ، نِطَاقْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">miqyās, niṭāq</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_script">
          <td>script</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">النَّصْ، الكِتَابَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-nnaṣ, al-kitābah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_secondindenetation">
          <td>second indenetation</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">المَسَافَة البَادِئَة الثَّانِيَّة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-masāfah al-bādi’ah al-ththānīyah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_secondlevelheading">
          <td>second level heading</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">عُنْوَانْ المُسْتَوَى الثَّانِي</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ʻunwān al-mustawá al-ththānī</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>Second level and middle size heading between first level heading and third level
          heading.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_semicolon">
          <td>semicolon</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">فَاصِلَة مَنْقُوطَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">fāṣilah manqūṭah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">نقطه‌ویرگول</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">nqthuyrɡul</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_sentence">
          <td>sentence</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">جُمْلَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">jumlah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">جمله</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">jmlh</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_shadda">
          <td>shadda</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">شَدَّة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">shaddah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>A tashkil mark indicating gemination of the base consonant.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_sideheads">
          <td>sideheads</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">رُؤُوسْ الجَانِبْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ru’ūs al-jānib</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_singlelinealignmentmethod">
          <td>single line alignment method</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">طَرِيقَة المُحَاذَاة لِسَطْرٍ وَاحِدْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ṭarīqat al-muḥādhāt lisaṭrin wāḥid</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>To align a run of text that is shorter than a given line length to designated
          positions.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_singlerunningheadmethod">
          <td>single running head method</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">طَرِيقَة الرَأْسْ بِتَشْغِيلْ وَاحِدْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ṭarīqat al-ra’s bitashghīl wāḥid</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>A method that puts running heads only on odd pages.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_sinkage">
          <td>sinkage</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">فَرَاغْ عَمُودِي إضَافِي</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">farāgh ʻamūdī iḍāfī</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_softhyphen">
          <td>soft hyphen</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">وَاصِلَة لَيِّنَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">wāṣilah layyinah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_solidus">
          <td>solidus</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">العَلَامَة المَائِلَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-ʻalāmah al-mā’ilah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_sorting">
          <td>sorting</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">التَّرْتِيبْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-ttartīb</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">ترتیب</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">trtib</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_space">
          <td>space</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">فَرَاغْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">farāgh</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">فاصله</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">fāslh</td>

          <td>Amount of space between adjacent characters or lines. It also refers to the blank
          area between the edges of a hanmen or an illustration and text or other hanmen
          elements.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_spacing">
          <td>spacing</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">التَّبَاعُدْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-ttabāʻud</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">فاصله‌گذاری</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">fāslhɡzāri</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_spine">
          <td>spine</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">العَمُودْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-ʻamūd</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_spread">
          <td>spread</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">اِنْتِشَارْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>Any two facing pages when opening a book and the like.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_stem">
          <td>stem</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">جذع</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_style">
          <td>style</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">أسلوب، النمط</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">intishār</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">شیوه</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">šivh</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_styleguide">
          <td>style guide</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">دَلِيلْ النَّمَطْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">dalīl al-nnamaṭ</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">شیوه‌نامه</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">šivhnāmh</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_subheads">
          <td>subheads</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">العَنَاوِينْ الفَرْعِيَّة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-ʻanāwīn al-farʻīyah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_subscript(inferior)">
          <td>subscript (inferior)</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">نَصْ مُنْخَفِضْ (أَسْفَلْ)</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">naṣṣ munkhafiḍ (’asfal)</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>Smaller face of characters, attached to the lower right or the lower left of a normal
          size character.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_subtitle">
          <td>subtitle</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">عُنْوَانْ فَرْعِي</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ʻunwān farʻī</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">زیرنویس</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">zirnuys</td>

          <td>Secondary title for headings, subtile.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_sukun">
          <td>sukun</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">سُكُونْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">sukūn</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>A tashkil mark indicating the lack of a vowel after the consonant to which it is
          attached.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_superiornumeral">
          <td>superior numeral</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">الرَّقْمْ العُلْوِي</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-rraqm al-ʻulwī</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_superscript(superior)">
          <td>superscript (superior)</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">نَصْ مُرْتَفِعْ (أَعْلَى)</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">naṣṣ murtafiʻ (’aʻlá)</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>Smaller face of characters, attached to the upper right or the upper left of a normal
          size character.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_symbol">
          <td>symbol</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">رَمْزْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ramz</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_tab">
          <td>tab</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">عَلَامَة التَّبْوِيبْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ʻalāmat al-ttabwīb</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_tabsetting">
          <td>tab setting</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">وَضْعْ عَلَامَة التَّبْوِيبْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">waḍʻ ʻalāmat al-ttabwīb</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>A method of line composition to align one or more runs of text to designated
          positions on a line.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_table">
          <td>table</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">جَدْوَلْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">jadwal</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">جدول</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">jdul</td>

          <td>Formatted data consisting of characters or numbers, arranged in cells and sometimes
          divided by lines, in order to present the data in a way that is easier to
          understand.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_tableofcontents">
          <td>table of contents</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">جَدْوَلْ المُحْتَوَيَاتْ، الفِهْرِسْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">jadwal al-muḥtawayāt, al-fihris</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">فهرست مطالب</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">fhrst mtālb</td>

          <td>A list of headings of contents of a book in page order or arranged by subjects, with
          page numbers on which each section begins.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_tailmargin">
          <td>tail margin</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">الهاَمِشْ الأَسْفَلْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-hamish al-’asfal</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_tanwin">
          <td>tanwin</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَنْوِينْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">tanwīn</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>(Derived from Noon). Tashkil marks indicating postnasalized or long vowels at the end
          of a word, and indicated by doubling the sign of one of the harakat diacritics.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_tashkil">
          <td>tashkil</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَشْكِيلْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">tashkīl</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>Marks that are added to letters to indicate vocalisation of text or to correct
          pronunciation. In Unicode these are all combining characters applied to a base
          character.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_text">
          <td>text</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">نَصْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">naṣṣ</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">متن</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_textdirection">
          <td>text direction</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">اِتِّجَاهْ النَّصْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ittijāh al-nnaṣ</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">جهت متن</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">jht mtn</td>

          <td>Horizontal setting or vertical setting.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_thinspace">
          <td>thin space</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">فَرَاغْ رَقِيقْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">farāgh raqīq</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_thirdlevelheading">
          <td>third level heading</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">عُنْوَانْ المُسْتَوَى الثَّالِثْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ʻunwān al-mustawá al-ththālith</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>Headings for smallest or minimum unit of main text in books.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_toplevelheading">
          <td>top level heading</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">عُنْوَانْ المُسْتَوَى الأَعْلَى</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ʻunwān al-mustawá al-’aʻlá</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>Headings for largest or muximum unit of main text in books.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_tracking">
          <td>tracking</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">ضَبْطْ تَبَاعُدْ الحُرُوفْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ḍabṭ tabāʻud al-ḥurūf</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_transliteration">
          <td>transliteration</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">التَّرْجَمَة الصَّوْتِيَّة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-ttarjamah al-ṣṣawtīyah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">حرف‌نویسی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">hrfnuysi</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_trimsize">
          <td>trim size</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">حَجْمْ التَّقْلِيمْ، حَجْمْ القَصْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ḥajm al-ttaqlīm, ḥajm al-qaṣṣi</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>Dimensions of a full page in a publication, including margins.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_typepage">
          <td>type page</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">جُزْءُ الصَّفْحَة الخَاصْ بِالكِتَابَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">juz’u al-ṣṣafḥah al-khāṣ bilkitābah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>The portion of a page within the prescribed margins where type, graphics, and other
          page elements can be added</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_typesize">
          <td>type size</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">حَجْمْ الحَرْفْ بِالنُّقْطَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ḥajm al-ḥarf bilnnuqṭahu</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_typestyles">
          <td>type styles</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">أنماط الكتابة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>The measure of the height of the characters of a font, measured in points.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_type-picking">
          <td>type-picking</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">نوع قطف</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">انتخاب فونت</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">āntxāb funt</td>

          <td>To select metal type for characters needed to print a manuscript. (Metal type is
          stored in a type case, but because the number of Japanese characters is very large, an
          extra operation was invented that involves collecting type in a so-called 'bunsen box'
          before typesetting a manuscript using a composing stick.)</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_typeface">
          <td>typeface</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">مِحْرَفْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">miḥraf</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">فونت، قلم</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">funt, qlm</td>

          <td>A set of letters or symbols, which are designed to have coherent patterns to be used
          for printing or rendering to a computer screen.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_typesetting">
          <td>typesetting</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَنْضِيدْ، تَنْضِيدْ الحُرُوفْ الْمَطْبَعِيَّة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">tanḍīd, tanḍīd al-ḥurūf al-maṭbaʻīyah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">حروفچینی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">hrufčini</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_typography">
          <td>typography</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">طِبَاعَة الحُرُوفْ، أُسْلُوبْ الطِّبَاعَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ṭibāʻat al-ḥurūf,uslūb al-ṭṭibāʻah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">تایپوگرافی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">tāypuɡrāfi</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_unbreakablecharactersrule">
          <td>unbreakable characters rule</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">قَاعِدَة أَحْرُفْ غَيْرْ قَابِلَة لِلْكسْرْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">qāʻidat aḥruf ghayr qābilah lilksr</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>A line breaking rule that prohibits breaking a line between consecutive dashes or
          leaders, or between other specific combinations of characters.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_underline">
          <td>underline</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَسْطِيرْ مِنْ تَحْتْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">tasṭīr min taḥt</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>A line drawn under a character or a run of text in horizontal writing mode.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_unicameral">
          <td>unicameral</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">أُحَادِى المَجْلِسْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">uḥādī al-majlis</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_Unicode">
          <td>Unicode</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">يُونِيكُودْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">yūnīkūd</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">یونی‌کُد</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">ivnikod</td>
        <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_verticalwritingmode">
          <td>vertical writing mode</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">وَضْعْ الكِتَابَة العَمُودِي</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">waḍʻ al-kitābah al-ʻamūdī</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">حالت نوشتار عمودی</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">hālt nuštār amudi</td>

          <td>The process or the result of arranging characters on a line from top to bottom, of
          lines on a page from right to left, and/or of columns on a page from top to bottom.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_volume">
          <td>volume</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">حَجْمْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">ḥajm</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">جلد</td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">jld</td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_weight">
          <td>weight</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">ثِقَلْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">thiqal</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>A measurement of the thickness of fonts.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_Westernalphabet">
          <td>Western alphabet</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">الأَبَجَدِيَّة الغَرْبِيَّة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-’abajadīyah al-gharbīyah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_Westernlanguages">
          <td>Western languages</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">اللُغَاتْ الغَرْبِيَّة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">al-lughāt al-gharbīyah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_widow">
          <td>widow</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">أَرْمَلَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">armalah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>The term in Western text layout to describe that the last line of a paragraph with
          only a few words appears at the top of a new page or a column.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_widowadjustment">
          <td>widow adjustment</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَعْدِيلْ أَرْمَلَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">taʻdīl armalah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>A method of line composition to adjust lines in a paragraph so that the last line
          consists of more than a given number of characters.</td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_worddivision">
          <td>word division</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">قِسْمْ كَلِمَة</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">qism kalimah</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_wordspace">
          <td>word space</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">فَرَاغْ بَيْنَ الكَلِمَاتْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">farāgh bayna al-kalimāt</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>


        <tr id="def_x-height">
          <td>x-height</td>

          <td lang="ar" dir="rtl">اِرْتِفَاعْ الحَرْفْ إِكْسْ</td>

          <td lang="ar-Latn-t-ar-m0-alaloc-2012">irtifāʻ al-ḥarf iks</td>

          <td lang="fa" dir="rtl">
          </td>

          <td lang="fa-Latn-t-fa-m0-ungen-2012">
          </td>

          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
  </section>
</body>
</html>