Recent work has started exploring the incorporation of eye movement features from reading into the training of specific language tasks, driven by the intuition that reading order, while structured, is not linear. Readers may skip some words, linger on others, or revisit earlier text. This raises the question of how gaze patterns can inform and shape the latent space of language models. In this work, we investigate the integration of gaze information into word embeddings by using text as read by human participants as input and predicting gaze measures from the latent space. To that end, we conducted an eye-tracking experiment with 76 participants reading 20 short stories in Spanish and fine-tuned Word2Vec and AWD-LSTM models on the collected data. We evaluated the resulting embeddings using centered kernel alignment against word embeddings derived from word association tasks and correlations with human similarity judgments of word pairs. While the results were mixed—showing limited gains in some cases and declines in others—this study lays the groundwork for future research. Expanding the linguistic diversity of datasets and employing more cognitively aligned evaluation tasks will be essential to fully uncover the role of gaze information in bridging computational and human language representations.
To pretrain the models on Wikipedia, run the following command:
python train.py <name> --corpora all_wikis --source remote --model <model>Where <name> is the name of the parent folder in which the trained models will be saved. <model> is either skip or lstm. In the case of lstm, set --lr to 30.
To fine-tune the models, run the following command:
python train.py <name> --corpora <corpus> --source local --model <model> --finetune <model_path>Where <name> is the name of the parent folder in which the pretrained models were saved. <corpus> is either texts or scanpaths and <model> is either skip or lstm. <model_path> is the path (relative to <name>) to the pretrained baseline model.
To include gaze measure prediction, add --gaze_features followed by the gaze measures to predict (e.g. --gaze_features ffd fprt tfd).
To evaluate the models, run the following command:
python test.py all_wikis --words_similarities <word_pairs_file>Where <word_pairs_file> is either evaluation/simlex.csv, evaluation/abstract.csv, or evaluation/concrete.csv.
This code was tested on Python 3.10 and greater. To install the required dependencies, run:
pip install -r requirements.txt@inproceedings{travi-etal-2025-exploring,
title = "Exploring the Integration of Eye Movement Data on Word Embeddings",
author = "Travi, Ferm{\'i}n and
Leclercq, Gabriel Aim{\'e} and
Slezak, Diego Fernandez and
Bianchi, Bruno and
Kamienkowski, Juan E",
editor = "Kuribayashi, Tatsuki and
Rambelli, Giulia and
Takmaz, Ece and
Wicke, Philipp and
Li, Jixing and
Oh, Byung-Doh",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
month = may,
year = "2025",
address = "Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/2025.cmcl-1.9/",
pages = "55--65",
ISBN = "979-8-89176-227-5"
}